Verified Rigor RecordRigor Reviewed

Rigor-Reviewed Manuscript

Possible Anxiolytic Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) Administration on Feline Responses to a Fear Response Test · 10.3390/ani15111642

Name: Verified Rigor Record — Possible Anxiolytic Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) Administration on Feline Responses to a Fear Response Test · 10.3390/ani15111642
Item: Possible Anxiolytic Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) Administration on Feline Responses to a Fear Response Test · 10.3390/ani15111642
Rating: 67
Author: Αlpha¹

Paper source

Αlpha¹ Editorial

This rigor review was examined and confirmed by Αlpha¹ Editorial · July 6, 2026

Αlpha¹ Rigor Review

Rigor Reviewed

WARN

Warnings to address · Interventional Study

Eight dimensions — click a segment for details

Critical

High-priority

Model-reported confidence: highReviewer agreement: lowEngine: 7.5.0Source: full text

Not verified in this report

No data or code availability links were detected to verify.

This Αlpha¹ Rigor Review uses AI Rigor Reviewers trained on a curated corpus of high-fidelity and retracted papers, with expert supervision and curation. It can still make mistakes; verify each finding against the source before relying on it.

The paper presents a promising pilot study on CBD for feline anxiety, but multiple critical reporting gaps significantly weaken its robustness. The most serious issues are a demonstrable statistical error in the reported p-value for a key comparison, a missing animal welfare ethics approval, and a vague data availability statement. Several other methodological details are absent, limiting the reproducibility of the work.

Three independent rigor evaluations were synthesized, along with a copyedit pass and automated verification of statistics, citations, and claims. The reviewers diverged on study design, ethical approvals, and reporting transparency; these disagreements were resolved by weighing the specific evidence and applying the scoring checklist rules.

10 major claims checked against the paper's own evidence: 1 not fully backed by the presented evidence (unsupported or overstated).

Recomputed 8 tests: 2 consistent, 6 inconsistent, 8 via agent-written checks.

4 integrity concerns flagged (0 high).

Rigor

Eight Dimensions2 pass · 4 warn · 2 fail

10 major claims1 overstated2 partial7 supported

The introduction cites multiple references on CBD's effects in humans and animals, discusses the lack of placebo control in a prior study, and formulates a clear hypothesis. Limitations of previous research are specifically addressed, and the rationale for the current study follows logically.

Sub-criteria

prior work citedADEQUATE

premise rationaleADEQUATE

limitations addressedADEQUATE

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 85% conf

The paper adequately establishes the scientific premise by citing prior research, providing a rationale, and acknowledging limitations of prior work.

Evidence

direct quote[Introduction, paragraph 1]

“Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid component derived from the cannabis plant. In humans, it has drawn attention as a potential anxiolytic, anti-panic, and analgesic agent...”

direct quote[Introduction, paragraph 2]

“Importantly, this study did not include a placebo control. Here, the author conceived of this study as a blinded, parallel-group, placebo-controlled design...”

direct quote[Introduction, paragraph 3]

“Therefore, the author hypothesised that CBD would be more effective than the placebo (sunflower oil) in easing such anxiety triggered by thunderstorm sounds...”

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

The paper adequately establishes the scientific premise by citing prior work on CBD's anxiolytic effects in humans and animals, discussing limitations of previous research, and providing a logical rationale linking the premise to the study objectives.

Evidence

paraphrase[Introduction, paragraph 2]

“The paper states that a previous repeated-trial study in shelter cats reported improvement of problem behaviours, but 'importantly, this study did not include a placebo control.' The current study is then described as 'a blinded, parallel-group, placebo-controlled design'.”

direct quote[Introduction, paragraph 3]

“Therefore, the author hypothesised that CBD would be more effective than the placebo (sunflower oil) in easing such anxiety triggered by thunderstorm sounds and that, as a consequence, undesirable urination would occur less frequently following CBD administration than following the placebo's administration.”

direct quote[Introduction, paragraph 1]

“Besides humans, both cats and dogs have an endocannabinoid system with which CBD interacts almost in the same manner that researchers think it does in humans [,].”

PASSReviewer 3· 95% conf

The study clearly establishes its scientific foundation by citing prior research on CBD, acknowledging limitations of previous work, and providing a logical rationale for the hypothesis.

Evidence

direct quote[Introduction, last paragraph]

“In these trials, the length of the treatment was 2 weeks for most of the animals but occasionally was longer (up to 6.5 weeks). ... Importantly, this study did not include a placebo control.”

direct quote[Introduction, last paragraph]

“the author hypothesised that CBD would be more effective than the placebo (sunflower oil) in easing such anxiety triggered by thunderstorm sounds”

direct quote[Introduction, paragraph 3]

“comparisons of the number of the animals who urinated between CBD administration and the placebo’s administration appeared to be the most convenient, particularly during their relatively brief exposure to thunderstorm sounds.”

The paper states random assignment but does not describe the randomization method. Blinding is well-described for the administering veterinarian and the observer. Controls are adequate with a placebo group and pre-test measures. Missing elements include a power analysis, explicit inclusion/exclusion criteria, outlier handling, and independent replication.

Sub-criteria

controlsADEQUATE

power analysisNOT REPORTED

blinding levelsADEQUATE

outlier handlingNOT REPORTED

randomization unitADEQUATE

inclusion exclusionINADEQUATE

randomization methodINADEQUATE

replicate distinctionNOT REPORTED

independent replicationNOT REPORTED

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

WARNReviewer 1· 80% conf

The study design has several reporting gaps: randomization method not specified, no power analysis, no distinction of biological replicates, no outlier handling, and no independent replication. Blinding and controls are adequate.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, paragraph 1]

“Each of the 40 cats was assigned into either the group where CBD administration was conducted... or into the group where the placebo administration was conducted.”

direct quote[Methods, sections 2.2 and 2.3]

“The veterinarian did not know the purpose of the administration. No person involved in the experiment was aware of the administration conditions, including the observer.”

absence[Methods]

No power analysis or sample size justification provided.

WARNReviewer 2· 80% conf

The study design is a blinded, placebo-controlled trial, but several aspects are underreported: the randomization method is not detailed, no power analysis or sample size justification is provided, and inclusion/exclusion criteria are only partially specified.

Evidence

direct quote[Abstract, sentence 3]

“A total of 40 cats, each naïve to the current testing, were randomly assigned into either of two administration groups (CBD and placebo).”

absence[Methods, section 2]

Blinding is described: the veterinarian and the observer were unaware of group allocation.

FAILReviewer 3· 90% conf

The study design lacks critical details: randomization method, power analysis, replicate distinction, outlier handling, and independent replication are not reported; blinding is partially described.

Evidence

absence[Methods, paragraph 1]

Randomization method is not stated.

direct quote[Methods, paragraphs 2 and 3]

“The veterinarian did not know the purpose of the administration.”

paraphrase[Methods, paragraph 1]

“Paraphrase: Cats were healthy, male, neutered, 3-5 years old, and had no medical causes of undesirable urination (idiopathic cystitis, bladder stones, infections).”

The cats are all male, but no justification for single-sex use is given. Age range (3-5 years) is reported, but no baseline weights. The cats are mixed breed domestic cats, and source is stated, but no specific strain. Housing conditions during the study (home environment) are not described; only the testing room is detailed.

Sub-criteria

demographicsN/A

sex reportedADEQUATE

sex justifiedNOT REPORTED

age weight healthINADEQUATE

housing conditionsNOT REPORTED

species strain sourceINADEQUATE

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

FAILReviewer 1· 90% conf

Critical biological variables are inadequately reported: sex is reported but not justified, age is provided but weight and detailed health status are missing, species strain/source is vague, and housing conditions are not described.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, section 2.1]

“Forty healthy, male, neutered, domestic cats...”

direct quote[Methods, section 2.1]

“The cats varied in age from 3 to 5 years.”

absence[Methods]

Housing conditions prior to testing not described.

WARNReviewer 2· 85% conf

Sex, age, health status, and source of the cats are reported, but the study uses only males without justification, and housing conditions are not described.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, 2.1]

“Forty healthy, male, neutered, domestic cats...participated in the current study.”

direct quote[Methods, 2.1]

“The cats varied in age from 3 to 5 years...Physical examinations...revealed no abnormalities or weight alterations in any of the participants.”

absence[Methods, section 2]

Housing conditions are not reported.

FAILReviewer 3· 90% conf

Key biological variables are poorly reported: sex is reported but not justified (single-sex study), age is given but weight is missing, strain is not specified, and housing conditions are absent.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, paragraph 1]

“Forty healthy, male, neutered, domestic cats”

direct quote[Methods, paragraph 1]

“The cats varied in age from 3 to 5 years.”

absence[Methods, Testing Procedure]

Housing conditions are not described.

The Institutional Review Board Statement names a human ethics committee ('Institutional Ethics Committee of the Center for the Study of Developmental Disorders'), which is not appropriate for animal research. An IACUC or equivalent animal welfare committee approval is not reported. Regulatory compliance with animal care guidelines is not stated. Caregiver consent is reported, but animal ethics oversight is missing.

Sub-criteria

iacuc statementNOT REPORTED

informed consentN/A

irb ethics statementN/A

regulatory complianceNOT REPORTED

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

WARNReviewer 1· 75% conf

Ethical approvals are partially reported: an ethics committee approval is stated, but it is not explicitly an animal welfare approval, and regulatory compliance is not mentioned. Informed consent from caregivers is adequately reported.

Evidence

direct quote[Institutional Review Board Statement]

“This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Center for the Study of Developmental Disorders, approval number [21-01].”

direct quote[Informed Consent Statement]

“Informed consent was obtained from the caregivers.”

absence[Ethical statements]

No statement of compliance with animal welfare regulations.

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

Ethical approvals are reported with a named ethics committee and an approval number; informed consent from caregivers is stated. Regulatory compliance is also stated.

Evidence

direct quote[Institutional Review Board Statement]

“This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Center for the Study of Developmental Disorders, approval number [21-01].”

direct quote[Informed Consent Statement]

“The cat–caregiver dyads participated on a voluntary basis. Informed consent was obtained from the caregivers.”

WARNReviewer 3· 95% conf

The study involves animal research but lacks an appropriate animal ethics statement; the provided ethics approval appears to be from a human research committee.

Evidence

direct quote[Institutional Review Board Statement]

“This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Center for the Study of Developmental Disorders, approval number [21-01].”

absence[Manuscript]

No animal welfare committee approval is mentioned.

direct quote[Informed Consent Statement]

“Informed consent was obtained from the caregivers.”

The CBD oil is specified as 'Elixinor-Entry Hemp Oil' from Elixiron Inc., with concentration 50 mg/mL. Dose and regimen are provided. However, no statistical software is named, and other resources (antibodies, cell lines) are not applicable.

Sub-criteria

mycoplasma testingN/A

reagents identifiedADEQUATE

organisms identifiedN/A

antibodies identifiedN/A

cell line authenticationN/A

software tools identifiedNOT REPORTED

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

WARNReviewer 1· 80% conf

The investigational product (CBD oil) is adequately identified with vendor and concentration, but statistical software is not identified.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, section 2.2]

“the CBD oil for administration, Elixinor-Entry Hemp Oil (a product of Elixiron Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) was used. A 10 mL bottle... contains 500 mg of CBD (50.0 mg/mL).”

absence[Methods, section 2.4]

No statistical software identified.

WARNReviewer 2· 75% conf

The investigational product (CBD oil) is identified with brand, manufacturer, and concentration, but the placebo (sunflower oil) is not vendor-identified, and the software used for analysis is not named.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, 2.2]

“As the CBD oil for administration, Elixinor-Entry Hemp Oil (a product of Elixiron Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) was used...A 10 mL bottle...contains 500 mg of CBD (50.0 mg/mL).”

absence[Methods, 2.4]

Statistical software not identified.

direct quote[Methods, 2.1]

“Forty healthy, male, neutered, domestic cats, who had been recruited through personal contact or announcements in a local newspaper... All of them were mixed breeds.”

FAILReviewer 3· 90% conf

The investigational product (CBD oil) is partially identified, but software tools are not identified, and other resources are not applicable or not reported.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, paragraph 2]

“As the CBD oil for administration, Elixinor-Entry Hemp Oil (a product of Elixiron Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) was used. ... a 10 mL bottle ... contains 500 mg of CBD (50.0 mg/mL)”

absence[Methods, Statistical Analyses]

No statistical software is identified.

direct quote[Methods, paragraph 2]

“The cats in the placebo group, on the other hand, received sunflower oil alone daily as a matching placebo”

The test is named: Fisher's exact probability test. Exact p-values are reported (e.g., 'p = 0.24', 'p < 0.001'). However, effect sizes (e.g., risk difference, odds ratio) and confidence intervals are not reported. Data presentation shows only aggregated counts in a 2x2 table; individual cat-level data are not shown, and error bars are not applicable. No software is identified. No discussion of test assumptions is provided. Mathematical plausibility checks are possible: the counts are small integers, and the p-values are plausible given the numbers. For the pre-administration comparison: a=19, b=1, c=17, d=3. The paper reports p=0.24. A Fisher's exact test on these counts gives p=0.598 (two-tailed), not 0.24. This discrepancy raises a concern. For post-administration: a=10, b=10, c=19, d=1. The paper reports p<0.001. A Fisher's exact test gives p=0.003, which is consistent with '<0.001' but the exact value 0.003 is not reported. The first pre-administration p (0.24) is inconsistent with the recomputed value (0.598). This is a potential error. However, given that the paper reports p=0.24, I will flag this as a potential mathematical implausibility.

Sub-criteria

tests namedADEQUATE

exact p valuesINADEQUATE

effect sizes ciNOT REPORTED

data presentationINADEQUATE

software identifiedNOT REPORTED

assumptions verifiedNOT REPORTED

mathematical plausibilityWARN

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

WARNReviewer 1· 70% conf

Statistical tests are named and data presentation is adequate, but assumptions are not verified, exact p-values are not all provided, effect sizes and software are missing.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, section 2.4]

“Fisher’s exact probability test.”

direct quote[Results, paragraph 1]

“p < 0.001”

paraphrase[Results, paragraph 1]

“The number of cats who urinated in the CBD group significantly decreased after administration as compared to before (p < 0.001) using Fisher's exact test.”

WARNReviewer 2· 85% conf

The statistical test is named (Fisher's exact test) and exact p-values are reported, but effect sizes and confidence intervals are absent, individual data points are not shown, and test assumptions are not discussed. Mathematical plausibility is not applicable due to binary count data.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, 2.4; Results, paragraph 1]

“The number of participants who were observed to urinate during testing was statistically compared between the CBD group and the placebo group...using Fisher’s exact probability test...' 'Before the administration, the number of urinating cats did not differ between the CBD and placebo groups ( p = 0.24).'”

absence[Results, Table 1 and paragraph 1]

Effect sizes and confidence intervals are not reported.

paraphrase[Table 1; Results]

“The paper reports p=0.24 for pre-administration difference. Recomputing Fisher's two-tailed test on counts (19,1;17,3) yields p=0.598.”

WARNReviewer 3· 80% conf

Statistical tests are named and data presentation is adequate, but exact p-values are not always reported, assumptions are not verified, and effect sizes with confidence intervals are absent.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, paragraph 4]

“using Fisher’s exact probability test.”

direct quote[Results, paragraph 1]

“Before the administration, the number of urinating cats did not differ between the CBD and placebo groups ( p = 0.24). After the administration, however, the number of such cats in the placebo group significantly exceeded that in the CBD group ( p < 0.001).”

direct quote[Table 1]

“Table 1: CBD Group: Pre urinated 19, not 1; Post 10, 10. Placebo: Pre 17, 3; Post 19, 1.”

The data availability statement says 'All of the datasets generated for this study will be available on request' without specifying a mechanism or platform. No repository deposit or accession numbers are provided. No custom code was used, so code sharing is not applicable. The vague statement is considered inadequate.

Sub-criteria

code sharingN/A

accession numbersN/A

repository depositNOT REPORTED

data availability statementINADEQUATE

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

FAILReviewer 1· 90% conf

The data availability statement is vague ('available on request') with no repository deposit or accession numbers, and no custom code is shared.

Evidence

direct quote[Data Availability Statement]

“All of the datasets generated for this study will be available on request.”

WARNReviewer 2· 85% conf

A data availability statement is present but vague ('available on request'), and no data repository deposit or code sharing is provided. The dataset consists of small-count behavioral data, which could be deposited.

Evidence

direct quote[Data Availability Statement]

“All of the datasets generated for this study will be available on request.”

absence[Data Availability Statement]

No repository deposit or accession number is provided.

FAILReviewer 3· 95% conf

The data availability statement is vague ('available on request'), and no data repository or code sharing is provided.

Evidence

direct quote[Data Availability Statement]

“All of the datasets generated for this study will be available on request.”

absence[Manuscript]

No repository deposit is mentioned.

absence[Manuscript]

No code sharing is mentioned (no custom code used).

The primary outcome (urination) is reported for all groups. Limitations are discussed in the Discussion section. Conclusions are appropriately cautious. Funding and conflicts of interest are stated. However, the methods are not fully detailed for replication (e.g., randomization method, housing conditions), and no reporting guideline (e.g., ARRIVE) is referenced. Trial registration is not applicable.

Sub-criteria

funding coiADEQUATE

trial registrationN/A

reporting guidelineNOT REPORTED

methods completenessINADEQUATE

all outcomes reportedADEQUATE

limitations discussedADEQUATE

conclusions proportionalADEQUATE

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 80% conf

Most reporting criteria are met: methods are described, all outcomes reported, limitations discussed, conclusions proportional, and funding/COI statements provided. Lacks adherence to reporting guidelines and some method details could be improved.

Evidence

direct quote[Discussion, paragraph 2]

“Yet several limitations of the current study merit its consideration... its omission of non-urinary behavioural analyses and a lack of data concerning home-based behavioural observations...”

direct quote[End of paper]

“This research received no external funding. The author declares no conflicts of interest.”

absence[Methods]

No reference to reporting guidelines such as ARRIVE.

WARNReviewer 2· 80% conf

The paper discusses limitations and has proportional conclusions, but methods are not fully detailed for replication (e.g., randomization method, housing conditions), no reporting guideline is referenced, and only one primary outcome (urination) is reported with no pre-specified outcome list.

Evidence

direct quote[Discussion, last paragraph]

“Yet several limitations of the current study merit its consideration as a preliminary attempt, particularly its omission of non-urinary behavioural analyses and a lack of data concerning home-based behavioural observations during the 2-week-long period of the CBD or placebo administration.”

absence[Methods, entire paper]

No reporting guideline (e.g., ARRIVE) is mentioned.

direct quote[Funding Statement, Conflicts of Interest]

“This research received no external funding.' 'The author declares no conflicts of interest.'”

PASSReviewer 3· 90% conf

The study reports most outcomes, discusses limitations, draws proportional conclusions, and provides funding/COI statements, but methods completeness and reporting guidelines are lacking.

Evidence

direct quote[Discussion, last paragraph]

“Yet several limitations of the current study merit its consideration as a preliminary attempt, particularly its omission of non-urinary behavioural analyses”

direct quote[Conclusions, paragraph 1]

“the current findings indicate the possibility of anxiolytic effects of CBD administration on feline responses to a fear response test.”

direct quote[Funding Statement and Conflicts of Interest]

“This research received no external funding. The author declares no conflicts of interest.”

12 copyedit issues flagged: mostly clarity, grammar, consistency.

Checked 26 references: 25 verified — 1 unresolved.

Αlpha¹ Rigor Action ItemsFinal pass before journal submission

This paper, as published, has significant robustness concerns that a reader should weigh heavily. A correction or an expression of concern should be considered for the statistical error (the reported p=0.24 is inconsistent with the data) and the incomplete ethics approval, which are not merely reporting gaps but potential validity and integrity threats. Independent re-analysis of the raw data (if made available) would be necessary to confirm the findings.

1.
HIGHstatistics
Verify the pre-administration p-value (reported as 0.24) against the counts in Table 1. The correct Fisher's exact test two-tailed p for counts (CBD pre: 19/1; Placebo pre: 17/3) is 0.60, not 0.24. Correct the error or explain the discrepancy; if a different test was used, state it explicitly.
A demonstrable error in a reported p-value for a primary comparison undermines the validity of the statistical findings and warrants a correction.
2.
HIGHstatistics
Replace the Fisher's exact test used for within-group comparisons (pre vs. post) with McNemar's test for paired categorical data.
Using an independent-group test on paired data is a methodological error that invalidates the within-group p-values.
3.
HIGHethics
Include a statement of approval from an animal welfare committee (e.g., IACUC) and confirm regulatory compliance (e.g., 'Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals') in the ethical approvals section.
The current ethics statement references a human-oriented 'Institutional Ethics Committee,' which is inappropriate for an animal study and does not meet reporting standards.
4.
HIGHdata code
Replace the vague data availability statement ('available on request') with a deposit in a public repository (e.g., Zenodo, Figshare) and include a DOI in the manuscript.
A vague 'on request' statement does not meet reproducibility standards; the small, non-identifiable count data can and should be publicly deposited.
5.
HIGHreporting
Temper the abstract's concluding claim that 'CBD could be an effective option for the treatment of noise-induced fear' to reflect the preliminary nature of the evidence (e.g., 'This preliminary study suggests a possible effect on acute fear-induced urination in a laboratory setting').
The claim overstates the evidence from a single, acute behavioral test; the paper's own discussion calls it a 'preliminary attempt'.
6.
HIGHrigor
Provide a scientific justification for using only male cats in the Methods or Discussion, or include a statement about the limitations of single-sex sampling.
Using only male subjects without justification is a potential confound and limits the generalizability of the findings.
7.
HIGHrigor
Report the randomization method (e.g., random number table, computer-generated sequence) and the unit of randomization (individual cat) in the Methods section.
Stating 'randomly assigned' without the method is insufficient for reproducibility and raises questions about allocation concealment.
8.
HIGHreporting
Cite the ARRIVE guidelines for animal research in the Methods and include a statement of adherence.
Adherence to established reporting guidelines is expected for animal studies and would fill several missing methodological details.
9.
HIGHstatistics
Report exact p-values (e.g., p=0.0033 instead of p<0.001) and include effect sizes (e.g., odds ratio, risk difference) with 95% confidence intervals for all comparisons in the Results and Table 1.
Full reporting of test statistics allows readers to evaluate the precision and magnitude of effects.
10.
HIGHrigor
Identify the statistical software used (e.g., R version x.x, GraphPad Prism) in the Methods section.
Software identification is a basic reporting requirement to aid reproducibility.
11.
MEDIUMreporting
Report baseline weights of the cats in the Methods section.
Weight is a basic biological variable that should be reported to characterize the subjects and ensure comparability between groups.
12.
MEDIUMrigor
Describe housing and husbandry conditions (light cycle, temperature, enrichment) for the cats during the study period in the Methods.
Housing conditions can affect behavior and stress levels; their absence limits reproducibility.
13.
MEDIUMrigor
Add a sample size justification or power analysis in the Methods to explain the choice of 40 cats.
A power analysis demonstrates that the study is adequately sized to detect the expected effect, reducing the risk of false negatives.
14.
MEDIUMother
Verify the reference 'Etologia Clinica Veterinaria del Perro y del Gato' — it was not found in Crossref/OpenAlex and may need correction or removal.
An unfound reference in the registry raises a potential fabrication signal; it must be confirmed or replaced.
15.
LOWcopyedit
Replace 'participants' with 'cats' or 'animals' throughout the manuscript for clarity (especially in Abstract and Methods).
Inconsistent use of 'participants' for cats is unusual and may confuse readers.
16.
LOWcopyedit
Simplify the phrasing in Methods section 2.2: 'A 40 mL container with which the visiting veterinarian and the caregiver were totally unfamiliar' to 'A 40 mL container that was unfamiliar to the visiting veterinarian and caregiver'.
Improves readability and clarity.

Full text (18,052 chars)Analyzed: Jul 6, 2026

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