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Kaimen Rigor review

An adaptive AI-based virtual reality sports system for adolescents with excess body weight: a randomized controlled trial.

Wang J, Qin Y, Wu Q, Zeng D, Gao X, Wang Q, Li Z, Ni Y, Li H, Zhang P, Guo J, Ma W, Maitusun M, Jin X, Chen M, Zhu L, Lu Q, Chen Q, Wu Y, Lin C, Han R, Cheng D, Ni J, Wang X, Yao F, Zhuang J, Xia J, Liu D, Lu Y, Kang P, Yu S, Chen A, Zhang Y, Li Q, Ge W, Long X, Jiang Z, Guan Z, Jin Z, Jin P, Li T, Shu J, Yang J, Wang J, Jiang N, Qian J, Jung Y, Zhang H, Yang Q, Ma L, Wu X, Huang X, Si D, Ren J, Qiao H, Guo Y, Huang Z, Wang W, Deng W, Bi L, Zhao D, Li Y, Lau RWH, Tham YC, Ma X, Ma J, Shen D, Zhang S, Guan H, Zou W, Guo M, Guan X, Yang X, Xu A, Wu J, Panagiotou G, Tse MA, Kim J, Wu E, Thalmann D, Thalmann NM, Fregni F, Wong TY, Jia W, Zeng R, Lim CT, Sheng B, Li H

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-025-03724-5
Record issued: 2026-08-15
Engine: 7.39.0
Exported: 2026-09-22

Prepared by Alpha1. This document is confidential: it is intended for the recipient it was shared with and must not be redistributed. The live record at alpha1science.com/verify/9af8caea-df6a-41d0-8685-907f99b1b701 is authoritative.

Kaimen Rigor review

Kaimen Rigor reviewed

2.5 / 5

Weak — serious problems found

Interventional Study

Critical

High-priority

How this rating was calculated

Started at 5★ — deductions

IntegrityIntegrity concern ×2−1★
ClaimsEfficacy rests on an unvalidated surrogate endpoint−0.5★
ClaimsTreatment effect not shown to be clinically meaningful−0.5★
ReportingEthical approvals partially met−0.25★
CitationsUnresolved reference−0.25★

Model-reported confidence: highReviewer agreement: highEngine: 7.39.0Source: full text

Biggest issues

01Efficacy rests on an unvalidated surrogate endpoint
highOverreachreviewer-assessedFull detail
The primary efficacy claim is reduction in fat mass, which is a surrogate marker for obesity-related health outcomes. The paper does not demonstrate target engagement at the tested dose (e.g., PK/PD) nor cite validated evidence linking fat mass reduction to hard clinical outcomes in this context. Additionally, cognitive improvements are based on surrogate measures (olfactory tests, working memory tasks) without established clinical significance.
“REVERIE sports intervention was effective in reducing primary outcome fat mass (mean −4.28 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) −6.35 to −2.22), relative to control)”
Find in source
02Treatment effect not shown to be clinically meaningful
highOverreachreviewer-assessedFull detail
The primary effect size is a reduction in fat mass of 4.28 kg relative to control, but no anchor to clinical meaningfulness (e.g., minimal clinically important difference) is provided. The cognitive improvements (e.g., 2-back accuracy increase of 10.88%) are presented without established clinical significance.
“REVERIE sports intervention was effective in reducing primary outcome fat mass (mean −4.28 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) −6.35 to −2.22), relative to control)”
Find in source

Findings by category

101ArithmeticNumerical inconsistencies 302OverreachOverstated conclusions 103AuthenticityData authenticity concerns 104DisclosureReporting gaps 105AvailabilityBroken references and links 06Copyedit5 minor suggestions

This Kaimen Rigor review uses Kaimen Rigor reviewers trained on a curated corpus of high-fidelity and retracted papers, with expert supervision and curation. It can still make mistakes; verify each finding against the source before relying on it.

This is a well-conducted and transparently reported RCT of a VR sports intervention in adolescents with excess body weight, with strong reporting of methods, biological variables, statistical analysis, and data/code availability. The main weakness is the absence of an explicit ethics approval statement in the main text, along with minor reporting gaps in randomization method, blinding, and outlier handling.

Both reviewers classified the study as interventional (RCT), and this was adopted. The evaluation covered all eight dimensions; several sub-criteria were marked not applicable (e.g., species/strain, housing, antibodies, cell lines) as expected for a human device trial. The reviewers diverged on ethical approvals (warn vs. pass), and the synthesized status is warn based on the missing explicit ethics statement. The statistics verification recomputed only 2 tests (both consistent); the rest of the statistical results remain unverified.

Numerical inconsistencies

1 finding · worst low

Values that contradict each other or are impossible for the stated sample: recomputed p-values and test statistics, GRIM/GRIMMER checks on summary numbers, percentages against their own counts, totals against their parts, and estimates against their own confidence intervals.

Internal contradictions in the reported numbersAssessed

Recomputed 2 tests: 2 consistent, 0 inconsistent; 2 via agent-written checks.

Agent-written checks— recomputed from reported CIs / ratios by code the agent wrote

CONSISTENTreported p < .001 · recomputed p = <.001Reviewers 1, 2
Primary outcome fat mass change: REVERIE vs control
“REVERIE sports intervention was effective in reducing primary outcome fat mass (mean −4.28 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) −6.35 to −2.22), relative to control)”
Find in source
Taken as given: The estimate is the mean difference in fat mass change between REVERIE and control.; The 95% CI is two-sided.; The p-value is two-sided.
Method: Recomputed p-value from the reported mean difference and 95% CI using the normal approximation.
How we recomputed it: pCI(-4.28, -6.35, -2.22, 0)
CONSISTENTreported p < .001 · recomputed p = <.001Reviewers 1, 2
Primary outcome fat mass change: Physical vs control
“with no significant difference compared with physical sports (mean −5.06 kg (95% CI −7.13 to −2.98), relative to control)”
Find in source
Taken as given: The estimate is the mean difference in fat mass change between Physical and control.; The 95% CI is two-sided.; The p-value is two-sided.
Method: Recomputed p-value from the reported mean difference and 95% CI using the normal approximation.
How we recomputed it: pCI(-5.06, -7.13, -2.98, 0)

lowinternal contradiction
The abstract reports 227 participants, but the Methods state 240 enrolled. The difference is likely due to exclusions, but the CONSORT diagram is not fully visible.
involving 227 adolescents with excess body weight ( n = 227). ... a total of 240 adolescents with excess body weight ... were enrolled
Abstractreviewer’s wording

Overstated conclusions

3 findings · worst high

Conclusions that reach past what the paper's own results support — including a significance claim that no longer holds when the statistic is recomputed, and efficacy resting on an unvalidated surrogate endpoint.

Efficacy rests on an unvalidated surrogate endpointAssessed
Treatment effect not shown to be clinically meaningfulAssessed
Conclusions only partially backed by the presented evidenceAssessed

9 major claims checked against the paper's own evidence: 4 only partially supported (evidence backs part of the claim; gaps or caveats remain); the rest adequately supported.

partialReviewer 1
REVERIE sports improved cognitive function beyond physical sports.
Exploratory analyses show improvements in olfactory and working memory tasks, but these were not pre-specified and multiple testing was not adjusted.
Evidence: Table 2: TDI score mean 2.84 (95% CI 1.15 to 4.53) and 2-back accuracy mean 10.88% (95% CI 1.19% to 20.56%) for REVERIE vs physical.
“REVERIE sports demonstrated superior cognitive enhancements compared to physical sports in exploratory analyses”
AbstractFind in source
partialReviewer 1
REVERIE sports enhanced neural efficiency and neuroplasticity.
fMRI findings show changes in brain activation and connectivity, but the clinical significance and direct link to cognitive improvement are not fully established.
Evidence: fMRI results show significant group-by-time interactions and connectivity changes.
“Functional magnetic resonance imaging exhibited that REVERIE sports enhanced neural efficiency and neuroplasticity.”
ResultsFind in source
partialReviewers 1, 2
Multi-omics analyses revealed distinct changes induced by REVERIE sports associated with cognitive improvement.
Multi-omics changes are reported, but the association with cognitive improvement is correlational and exploratory.
Evidence: Multi-omics profiling showed significant changes in REVERIE group, and correlation networks with brain regions.
“Multi-omics analyses revealed distinct changes induced by REVERIE sports that were closely associated with cognitive improvement.”
ResultsFind in source
partialReviewer 2
REVERIE sports demonstrated superior cognitive enhancements compared to physical sports in exploratory analyses.
The claim is supported by exploratory analyses showing significant improvements in olfactory TDI score and 2-back accuracy, but these are labeled as exploratory and not adjusted for multiple testing.
Evidence: Table 2: 'TDI score: mean 2.84 (95% CI 1.15 to 4.53)' and '2-back accuracy: mean 10.88% (95% CI 1.19% to 20.56%)'
“REVERIE sports demonstrated superior cognitive enhancements compared to physical sports in exploratory analyses, as evidenced by olfactory tests (total score: mean 2.84 (95% CI 1.15 to 4.53)) and working memory paradigm (2-back accuracy: mean 10.88% (95% CI 1.19% to 20.56%))”
AbstractFind in source
supportedReviewer 1
REVERIE sports intervention reduced fat mass compared to control.
The primary outcome analysis shows a significant reduction in fat mass with a 95% CI excluding zero.
Evidence: Table 2: FM change -3.15 kg (95% CI -4.29 to -2.01) for REVERIE vs control, P<0.001.
“REVERIE sports intervention was effective in reducing primary outcome fat mass (mean −4.28 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) −6.35 to −2.22), relative to control)”
AbstractFind in source
supportedReviewer 1
REVERIE sports showed no significant difference compared to physical sports for fat mass.
The comparison between REVERIE and physical sports for fat mass was not significant (P=0.274).
Evidence: Table 2: P value d = 0.274 for FM.
P value d | 0.274
Table 2reviewer’s wording
supportedReviewer 2
REVERIE sports intervention was effective in reducing primary outcome fat mass relative to control.
The claim is supported by the primary analysis showing a mean reduction of -4.28 kg (95% CI -6.35 to -2.22, P<0.001) relative to control.
Evidence: Table 2 and Abstract: 'REVERIE sports intervention was effective in reducing primary outcome fat mass (mean −4.28 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) −6.35 to −2.22), relative to control)'
“REVERIE sports intervention was effective in reducing primary outcome fat mass (mean −4.28 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) −6.35 to −2.22), relative to control)”
AbstractFind in source
supportedReviewer 2
REVERIE sports showed improvements in physical fitness, psychological well-being and sports willingness after 8-week intervention, which remained at 6-month follow-up.
The claim is supported by Table 2 and Extended Data Fig. 4 showing significant improvements in multiple outcomes at 8 weeks and sustained effects at 6 months.
Evidence: Table 2 and Extended Data Fig. 4: 'At a 6-month follow-up after the end of the intervention, the REVERIE sports group maintained significant improvements in standing long jump performance, self-efficacy, self-esteem, well-being, sleeping quality, eating behavior and sports willingness compared to the physical sports group'
“At a 6-month follow-up after the end of the intervention, the REVERIE sports group maintained significant improvements in standing long jump performance, self-efficacy, self-esteem, well-being, sleeping quality, eating behavior and sports willingness compared to the physical sports group”
Results ¶5Find in source
supportedReviewer 2
Minimal injury rates were 7.69% for REVERIE and 13.48% for physical sports, with no serious adverse events.
The claim is supported by the reported injury rates and the statement that no serious adverse events occurred.
Evidence: Results: 'Minimal injuries were reported in 7 (7.69%) participants in the REVERIE group and 12 (13.48%) participants in the physical sports group. No serious adverse events were reported.'
“Minimal injuries were reported in 7 (7.69%) participants in the REVERIE group and 12 (13.48%) participants in the physical sports group. No serious adverse events were reported.”
Results ¶1Find in source

Premise concern: surrogate not validated for clinical benefit; effect size not shown to be clinically meaningful.

INADEQUATESurrogate endpoint
The primary efficacy claim is reduction in fat mass, which is a surrogate marker for obesity-related health outcomes. The paper does not demonstrate target engagement at the tested dose (e.g., PK/PD) nor cite validated evidence linking fat mass reduction to hard clinical outcomes in this context. Additionally, cognitive improvements are based on surrogate measures (olfactory tests, working memory tasks) without established clinical significance.
“REVERIE sports intervention was effective in reducing primary outcome fat mass (mean −4.28 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) −6.35 to −2.22), relative to control)”
Find in source
INADEQUATEEffect size
The primary effect size is a reduction in fat mass of 4.28 kg relative to control, but no anchor to clinical meaningfulness (e.g., minimal clinically important difference) is provided. The cognitive improvements (e.g., 2-back accuracy increase of 10.88%) are presented without established clinical significance.
“REVERIE sports intervention was effective in reducing primary outcome fat mass (mean −4.28 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) −6.35 to −2.22), relative to control)”
Find in source

Data authenticity concerns

1 finding · worst low

An adversarial read for patterns associated with data that may not be genuine: results that look too clean, implausibly large effects, duplicated data or images, and methods that do not match the results reported.

Data look implausibly cleanAssessed

2 integrity concerns flagged (0 high).

lowdata too clean
Baseline characteristics appear very well balanced across groups, which is plausible but may warrant scrutiny.
“Baseline characteristics of participants were balanced across groups (Table ).”
Table 1Find in source

Reporting gaps

1 finding · worst medium

Required detail the manuscript never states — study design, biological variables, ethics approval and consent, key resources, statistical reporting, data and code availability, and overall transparency.

Ethics/consent reporting incompleteAssessed

Eight Dimensions7 pass · 1 warn

The introduction cites multiple references on the global obesity crisis, cognitive risks, and limitations of existing VR systems. It explicitly states the gaps: 'most existing VR sports systems offer one-size-fits-all experiences' and 'there are few rigorous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) validating the effectiveness of VR therapy.' The study objectives follow logically from these gaps. Limitations of prior research are addressed by the design of the RCT and the adaptive AI system.

Sub-criteria

prior work citedADEQUATE

premise rationaleADEQUATE

limitations addressedADEQUATE

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 90% conf

The paper establishes a clear scientific premise with adequate citation of prior work and a logical rationale linking the gap to the study objectives.

Evidence

paraphrase[Introduction, first paragraph]

“Adolescent obesity has become a global public health crisis with the prevalence rising rapidly.”

paraphrase[Introduction, second paragraph]

“However, most existing VR sports systems offer one-size-fits-all experiences, and are not tailored to meet the requirements of adolescents with excess body weight. Meanwhile, there are few rigorous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) validating the effectiveness of VR therapy.”

paraphrase[Introduction, second paragraph]

“To address these gaps, we developed the REVERIE system, a VR sports system designed for adolescents.”

PASSReviewer 2· 95% conf

The paper establishes a clear scientific premise by citing prior work on adolescent obesity, barriers to physical activity, and the potential of VR, and provides a logical rationale for the study.

Evidence

paraphrase[Introduction, paragraphs 1-3]

paraphrase[Introduction, paragraph 1]

“Although physical activity is a first-line treatment, barriers like low sports motivation, adverse peer experiences and limited access to personalized coaching restrict adolescents’ willingness to engage in physical activity and actual engagement.”

paraphrase[Introduction, paragraph 3]

“To address these gaps, we developed the REVERIE system, a VR sports system designed for adolescents...”

The paper reports a 1:1:1:1:1 randomization to five groups (physical table tennis, physical soccer, REVERIE table tennis, REVERIE soccer, control). Randomization method is not explicitly described (e.g., computer-generated sequence), but the trial is registered and baseline characteristics are balanced. Blinding is not mentioned for participants or assessors, which is typical for behavioral interventions. A power analysis is referenced in the protocol (ref 13). Inclusion/exclusion criteria are stated: 'adolescents with excess body weight (mean age 14.24 ± 1.77 years; 162 boys, 78 girls) who met the eligibility criteria.' The control group is appropriate. Outlier handling and independent replication are not reported, but these are not standard requirements for a human RCT.

Sub-criteria

controlsADEQUATE

power analysisADEQUATE

blinding levelsNOT REPORTED

outlier handlingNOT REPORTED

randomization unitADEQUATE

inclusion exclusionADEQUATE

randomization methodINADEQUATE

replicate distinctionN/A

independent replicationN/A

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 85% conf

The RCT design is rigorous with adequate randomization, blinding, power analysis, and pre-specified analysis populations.

Evidence

paraphrase[Methods, RCT section]

“Participants were allocated to the REVERIE sports group (n = 96), physical sports group (n = 96) or control group (n = 48).”

paraphrase[Methods, RCT section]

“The primary analysis was performed based on the modified intention-to-treat population, including participants with at least one baseline observation.”

“Clinical Trial registration: ChiCTR2300068786”

AbstractFind in source

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

The study design is rigorous: a randomized controlled trial with clear randomization, blinding, power analysis, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and appropriate controls. Some elements like outlier handling and independent replication are not reported but are not critical for this human RCT.

Evidence

“Participants were randomized (1:1:1:1:1) to physical table tennis, physical soccer, REVERIE table tennis, REVERIE soccer or control.”

Abstract ¶1Find in source

“From 1 March 2023 to 1 May 2023, a total of 240 adolescents with excess body weight (mean age 14.24 ± 1.77 years; 162 boys, 78 girls) who met the eligibility criteria were enrolled in our study”

Results ¶1Find in source

paraphrase[Methods (referenced in text)]

“Full trial details are available in the published protocol and.”

Table 1 reports sex (male %), age (mean ± SD), body weight, BMI, and other health metrics. Demographics include age, sex, and baseline clinical characteristics. Sex is reported for all groups, and both sexes are included, so sex_justified is not applicable. Age, weight, and health status are comprehensively reported. Species/strain and housing conditions are not applicable for a human trial.

Sub-criteria

demographicsADEQUATE

sex reportedADEQUATE

sex justifiedN/A

age weight healthADEQUATE

housing conditionsN/A

species strain sourceN/A

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 90% conf

Biological variables are well reported for a human trial, including sex, age, weight, and health status.

Evidence

“Sex (male, %) | 28 (59.54%) | 65 (73.03%) | 58 (63.74%)”

Table 1Find in source

“Age (year) | 14.17 ± 1.85 | 14.15 ± 1.85 | 13.98 ± 1.77”

Table 1Find in source

PASSReviewer 2· 95% conf

Biological variables are well-reported: sex, age, weight, health status, and demographics are provided in Table 1. Species/strain and housing are not applicable for this human study.

Evidence

“Sex (male, %) | 28 (59.54%) | 65 (73.03%) | 58 (63.74%)”

Table 1Find in source

“Age (year) | 14.17 ± 1.85 | 14.15 ± 1.85 | 13.98 ± 1.77”

Table 1Find in source

“Body weight (kg) | 80.24 ± 16.67 | 76.23 ± 16.84 | 75.64 ± 13.25”

Table 1Find in source

The paper does not mention an IRB or ethics committee approval in the main text. Informed consent is not described. Regulatory compliance is not explicitly stated. However, the trial is registered (ChiCTR2300068786) and the protocol is referenced, which may contain ethics details. The absence of an explicit ethics statement in the main text is a reporting gap.

Sub-criteria

iacuc statementN/A

informed consentNOT REPORTED

irb ethics statementNOT REPORTED

regulatory complianceNOT REPORTED

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

WARNReviewer 1· 80% conf

Ethics approval is not explicitly stated in the main text, though the trial is registered and the protocol is referenced.

Evidence

absence[Full text]

No ethics approval statement found in main text.

“Clinical Trial registration: ChiCTR2300068786”

AbstractFind in source

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

Ethical approvals are adequately reported: the trial is registered (ChiCTR2300068786), and a data availability statement mentions a Data Management Committee. However, a named IRB/ethics committee approval statement is not explicitly found in the provided text, though the trial registration implies approval.

Evidence

“Clinical Trial registration: ChiCTR2300068786”

AbstractFind in source

“Individual-level participant data are not publicly available but can be made accessible by obtaining informed consent from the Data Management Committee of the institution.”

Data availabilityFind in source

absence[Entire paper]

No explicit IRB approval statement is found in the provided text.

The REVERIE system is described in detail, including hardware (Oculus Quest 2) and software. Software tools are identified (e.g., SPM12, MATLAB, R). Antibodies, cell lines, and mycoplasma testing are not applicable. Organisms are not applicable. Reagents are not applicable as this is a device-based intervention.

Sub-criteria

mycoplasma testingN/A

reagents identifiedADEQUATE

organisms identifiedN/A

antibodies identifiedN/A

cell line authenticationN/A

software tools identifiedADEQUATE

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 85% conf

Key resources are adequately identified, including the investigational product (REVERIE system) and software tools.

Evidence

paraphrase[Methods, System overview]

“The hardware component includes the Oculus Quest 2 and the table tennis bracket.”

paraphrase[Methods, Statistical analysis]

“Statistical analysis of multi-omics data in this study was performed using R language (version 4.2.1, https://www.R-project.org/).”

PASSReviewer 2· 85% conf

Key resources are adequately identified: the investigational product (REVERIE system) is described, software tools are named with versions, and omics data are deposited. Antibodies, cell lines, and mycoplasma testing are not applicable.

Evidence

“The hardware component includes the Oculus Quest 2 and the table tennis bracket, and to ensure that adolescents with excess body weight can comfortably wear VR devices while maintaining high-quality data collection for sports, we designed and performed three-dimensional (3D) printing of a custom soccer bracket for each participant.”

ResultsFind in source

“fMRI data were analyzed by Statistical Parametric Mapping 12 (SPM12, Welcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, United Kingdom; http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm ) under the MATLAB 2021b (The MathWorks Inc.) environment.”

Statistical analysisFind in source

“Statistical analysis of multi-omics data in this study was performed using R language (version 4.2.1, https://www.R-project.org/ ).”

Statistical analysisFind in source

Tests are named (e.g., ANCOVA, linear mixed model, paired t-test). Assumptions are not explicitly verified but standard methods are used. Exact p-values are reported for many outcomes. Effect sizes with CIs are reported. Software is identified. Data presentation includes per-group n and box plots. Mathematical plausibility is not applicable for large-N continuous outcomes.

Sub-criteria

tests namedADEQUATE

exact p valuesADEQUATE

effect sizes ciADEQUATE

data presentationADEQUATE

software identifiedADEQUATE

assumptions verifiedINADEQUATE

mathematical plausibilityN/A

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 85% conf

Statistical methods are well described with named tests, effect sizes with CIs, and software identified.

Evidence

paraphrase[Methods, Statistical analysis]

“P values for outcomes assessed at baseline and the end of intervention were analyzed using a two-sided analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) followed by a Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test.”

“FM (kg) | 1.13 (−0.62, 2.88) | −3.92 (−4.87, −2.98) | −3.15 (−4.29, −2.01)”

Table 2Find in source

PASSReviewer 2· 85% conf

Statistical analysis is rigorous: tests are named, effect sizes with CIs are reported, software is identified, and data presentation is adequate. Assumptions verification is not explicitly reported but is standard for the methods used. Exact p-values are reported for many outcomes, though some are given as thresholds.

Evidence

Table 2Find in source

“FM (kg) | 1.13 (−0.62, 2.88) | −3.92 (−4.87, −2.98) | −3.15 (−4.29, −2.01)”

Table 2Find in source

paraphrase[Table 2]

“<0.001”

Data availability statement is detailed, describing managed access for individual participant data and providing accession numbers for omics data. Code is available on GitHub. Repository deposits are present for omics data.

Sub-criteria

code sharingADEQUATE

accession numbersADEQUATE

repository depositADEQUATE

data availability statementADEQUATE

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 90% conf

Data and code availability are well documented with concrete access routes and repositories.

Evidence

“Individual-level participant data are not publicly available but can be made accessible by obtaining informed consent from the Data Management Committee of the institution.”

Data availabilityFind in source

“The raw lipidomics, metabolomics and proteomics data generated during this study are available at The National Omics Data Encyclopedia under accession OEP005446”

Data availabilityFind in source

“REVERIE system source code and demo videos are available at https://github.com/LittleQBerry/REVERIE-Sports”

Data availabilityFind in source

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

Data and code availability are well-addressed: a data availability statement is present, omics data are deposited with accessions, and code is shared on GitHub. Individual patient data are not publicly available but a managed access process is described.

Evidence

“Individual-level participant data are not publicly available but can be made accessible by obtaining informed consent from the Data Management Committee of the institution.”

Data availabilityFind in source

“The raw lipidomics, metabolomics and proteomics data generated during this study are available at The National Omics Data Encyclopedia under accession OEP005446”

Data availabilityFind in source

“REVERIE system source code and demo videos are available at https://github.com/LittleQBerry/REVERIE-Sports”

Data availabilityFind in source

Methods are comprehensive, including system development, RCT design, and statistical analysis. Trial registration is provided (ChiCTR2300068786). A CONSORT diagram is included (Fig. 1). Limitations are discussed in the context of the study (e.g., 'Minimal injury rates were 7.69% for REVERIE and 13.48% for physical sports'). Conclusions are proportional, noting that REVERIE 'holds promise' and 'may suggest underlying mechanisms.' Funding sources and competing interests are declared. A reporting guideline (CONSORT) is implicitly followed via the diagram.

Sub-criteria

funding coiADEQUATE

trial registrationADEQUATE

reporting guidelineADEQUATE

methods completenessADEQUATE

all outcomes reportedADEQUATE

limitations discussedADEQUATE

conclusions proportionalADEQUATE

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 85% conf

Reporting is transparent with trial registration, detailed methods, and discussion of limitations.

Evidence

“Clinical Trial registration: ChiCTR2300068786”

AbstractFind in source

“Fig. 1 CONSORT diagram.”

Figure 1Find in source

“This study was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (grant no. 2023YFC3305804)”

AcknowledgementsFind in source

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

Reporting transparency is high: methods are detailed, the trial is registered, a CONSORT diagram is provided, limitations are discussed, conclusions are proportional, and funding/COI are stated.

Evidence

“Clinical Trial registration: ChiCTR2300068786”

AbstractFind in source

“Fig. 1 CONSORT diagram. Study flow diagram.”

Figure 1Find in source

paraphrase[Acknowledgements and Competing interests]

“This study was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (grant no. 2023YFC3305804)... The other authors declare no competing interests.”

Registered (1 ID: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry). Reporting guideline cited: CONSORT.

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry

ChiCTR2300068786

Reporting guidelines: CONSORT

Broken references and links

1 finding · worst low

References checked against Crossref, OpenAlex and Retraction Watch for retractions and resolvability, plus declared data and code links probed for whether they resolve to content matching the paper.

References not resolvable to a published paperRecomputed

Checked 80 references by DOI: 0 verified — 1 DOI unresolved, 79 no DOI (shown, not verified).

UNRESOLVED10.1016/s2213-8587(22
Rtmdet: an empirical study of designing real-time object detectors
Cited DOI does not resolve to any Crossref record.
NO DOI
Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Obesity in adolescents
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Associations among body mass index, cortical thickness, and executive function in children
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Clinical management and treatment of obesity in China
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Overweight and obese adolescents: what turns them off physical activity?
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Including overweight and obese students in physical education: an urgent need and effective teaching strategies
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Inequality in physical activity, global trends by income inequality and gender in adults
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Virtual reality comes of age
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Effects of virtual reality combined cognitive and physical interventions on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
VR, reconstructive urology and the future of surgery education
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
A systematic review of the application of interactive virtual reality to sport
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Reporting the early stage clinical evaluation of virtual-reality-based intervention trials: RATE-VR
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Effect of virtual reality-based exercise and physical exercise on adolescents with overweight and obesity: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Epidemiology of injuries in professional football: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Olfactory dysfunction mediates adiposity in cognitive impairment of type 2 diabetes: insights from clinical and functional neuroimaging studies
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Metabolic messengers: ceramides
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Glucosylceramide synthase inhibition reduces ganglioside GM3 accumulation, alleviates amyloid neuropathology, and stabilizes remote contextual memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Altered bile acid profile associates with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease—an emerging role for gut microbiome
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Serum levels of acyl-carnitines along the continuum from normal to Alzheimer’s dementia
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
A metabolomic approach to understanding the metabolic link between obesity and diabetes
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Exercise training and skeletal muscle antioxidant enzymes: an update
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Molecular choreography of acute exercise
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Investigation of memory-enhancing effects of Streptococcus thermophilus EG007 in mice and elucidating molecular and metagenomic characteristics using nanopore sequencing
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
The extracellular vesicle of gut microbial Paenalcaligenes hominis is a risk factor for vagus nerve-mediated cognitive impairment
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Gut microbiota links to serum ferritin and cognition
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Virtual reality racket sports: virtual drills for exercise and training
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Influence of virtual reality soccer game on walking performance in robotic assisted gait training for children
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Barriers to high school and university students’ physical activity: a systematic review
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Temporal dynamics of the multi-omic response to endurance exercise training
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
The prefrontal cortex and obesity: a health neuroscience perspective
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Motor planning, imagery, and execution in the distributed motor network: a time-course study with functional MRI
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Plasma proteomics discovery of mental health risk biomarkers in adolescents
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Maintaining the balance of intestinal flora through the diet: effective prevention of illness
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Effects of an exercise program on brain health outcomes for children with overweight or obesity: the ActiveBrains Randomized Clinical Trial
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Baseline brain function in the preadolescents of the ABCD Study
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Exercise, brain, and cognition across the life span
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Physical activity, cognition, and brain outcomes: a review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Cognitive cost of using augmented reality displays
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Virtual and augmented reality applications in medicine: analysis of the scientific literature
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Neural efficiency as a function of task demands
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Intelligence and neural efficiency
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
The effect of active video games on cognitive functioning in clinical and non-clinical populations: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
A meta-analysis and systematic literature review of virtual reality rehabilitation programs
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
The neuroscience of working memory capacity and training
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Individual differences in frontoparietal plasticity in humans
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
The neuroendocrinology of the microbiota-gut-brain axis: a behavioural perspective
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Ecophysiology and interactions of a taurine-respiring bacterium in the mouse gut
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
How gut microbes could drive brain disorders
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
A mechanistic analysis of the neural modulation of the inflammatory system through vagus nerve stimulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Differential lipid composition and regulation along the hippocampal longitudinal axis
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Role of cholesterol in APP metabolism and its significance in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Virtual environmental enrichment through video games improves hippocampal-associated memory
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1.6 million participants
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Treatment of adolescent obesity
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Automated psychological therapy using immersive virtual reality for treatment of fear of heights: a single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
The ultimate display
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Proc. 10th International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
A survey of actor-critic reinforcement learning: standard and natural policy gradients
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Proc. 8th International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Goal-conditioned reinforcement learning: problems and solutions
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Finding the ground state of spin Hamiltonians with reinforcement learning
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Think outside the brain box
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
WS/T 586-2018 Screening for Overweight and Obesity Among School-Age Children and Adolescents
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents: 2022
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Guidelines for medical nutrition treatment of overweight/obesity in China (2021)
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Resistant starch decreases intrahepatic triglycerides in patients with NAFLD via gut microbiome alterations
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
National Student Physical Health Standard: 2014 Revision
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Field-based fitness assessment in young people: the ALPHA health-related fitness test battery for children and adolescents
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
The Youth Fitness International Test (YFIT) battery for monitoring and surveillance among children and adolescents: a modified Delphi consensus project with 169 experts from 50 countries and territories
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Development of the Chinese Smell Identification Test
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Proteomics identifies new therapeutic targets of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
MICE: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Psychophysiological and modulatory interactions in neuroimaging
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).

4 data/code links checked; 4 live.

datahttps://www.biosino.org/node/project/detail/OEP005446LIVEHTTP 200
Resolves, but the content could not be matched to the paper.
dataSRALIVEHTTP 200
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/?term=PRJNA1227979
Resolves to SRA (data repository).
datahttps://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojEN.html?proj=180987LIVEHTTP 200
Resolves, but the content could not be matched to the paper.
codeGitHubLIVEHTTP 200
https://github.com/LittleQBerry/REVERIE-Sports
Resolves to GitHub (code repository).

Copyediting

5 minor

Wording, consistency and formatting errors that need correcting before submission.

No major wording or formatting errors. 5 minor suggestions below.

5 copyedit issues flagged: mostly consistency, clarity, typo.

MINORtypoAbstract
“REVERIE sports intervention was effective in reducing primary outcome fat mass”
→ Consider rephrasing to 'REVERIE sports intervention was effective in reducing the primary outcome of fat mass'
Missing article 'the' before 'primary outcome'.
MINORconsistencyData availability section
“OEP005446 (10.1109/TSMCB.2011.2170565)”
→ The DOI appears incorrect; should be the accession URL or a proper DOI.
The DOI is unrelated to the data repository.
MINORclarityMethods, Statistical analysis
“With the exception of the primary outcome measure, whose significance was ascertained by using a two-tailed P < 0.025, all remaining statistical tests were executed with a two-tailed significance level fixed at P < 0.05”
→ Clarify the alpha level for the primary outcome; it is unusual to use 0.025.
The primary outcome alpha is set at 0.025, which is not standard; consider explaining.
MINORconsistencyTable 1 footnote
“a The modified intention-to-treat population included all participants who had at least one baseline observation.”
→ Consider rephrasing to 'The modified intention-to-treat population included all participants with at least one post-baseline observation.'
Standard mITT definition includes at least one post-baseline measurement.
MINORclarityAbstract
“REVERIE sports demonstrated superior cognitive enhancements compared to physical sports in exploratory analyses”
→ Consider adding 'exploratory' to the claim to avoid overstatement.
The paper correctly labels this as exploratory, but the abstract could be clearer.

Kaimen Rigor Action ItemsFinal pass before journal submission

The published work is robust overall, but an informed reader should weigh the missing explicit ethics approval statement and the minor reporting gaps (randomization method, blinding, outlier handling) as limitations. The absence of an explicit IRB statement is a reporting gap that could warrant a correction or clarification from the authors, though it does not invalidate the study given the trial registration.

1.
HIGHethics
Add an explicit ethics approval statement in the Methods section, including the name of the IRB/ethics committee and the approval number, and describe informed consent procedures for participants and guardians.
The absence of an explicit ethics statement is a reporting gap that journals and readers expect; it is a fixable issue that should be addressed in a correction or clarification.
2.
HIGHreporting
Describe the randomization method (e.g., computer-generated random sequence, allocation concealment) in the Methods section.
The current text only states that participants were allocated, without specifying the method, which is a key CONSORT item.
3.
HIGHreporting
State whether outcome assessors or data analysts were blinded to group allocation, or provide a rationale for lack of blinding.
Blinding is not mentioned; for a behavioral intervention, participant blinding is infeasible, but assessor blinding should be clarified.
4.
HIGHstatistics
Report the a priori sample size calculation with effect size, alpha, and power in the Methods, or explicitly reference the protocol section where it is detailed.
The power analysis is only referenced via the protocol; including it in the main text improves transparency.
5.
HIGHstatistics
Explicitly state how outliers were handled in the statistical analysis.
Outlier handling is not reported, which is a common reviewer request and affects reproducibility.
6.
HIGHstatistics
Provide exact p-values for all comparisons instead of threshold values like '<0.001' where possible.
Exact p-values allow readers to assess the strength of evidence more precisely.
7.
HIGHstatistics
Add a statement on verification of statistical test assumptions (normality, homogeneity of variance) in the Methods.
Assumption checks are not reported; stating them (or noting robustness) strengthens the statistical analysis.
8.
HIGHreporting
Add a statement on regulatory compliance (e.g., Declaration of Helsinki) in the Methods or Ethics section.
Regulatory compliance is not explicitly stated, which is part of standard ethics reporting.
9.
HIGHother
Verify the reference 'Rtmdet: an empirical study of designing real-time object detectors' (DOI 10.1016/s2213-8587(22) — appears truncated) as it was not found in the registry; correct the DOI or remove the reference if it cannot be verified.
A reference that cannot be found in any registry may be fabricated or contain a DOI error; this is a potential integrity issue.
10.
MEDIUMreporting
Clarify the discrepancy between 240 enrolled and 227 analyzed participants in the abstract by referencing the CONSORT diagram or providing the exact number excluded.
The internal contradiction flagged by the integrity check could confuse readers; a clear explanation is needed.
11.
MEDIUMcopyedit
Fix the DOI in the Data availability section: 'OEP005446 (10.1109/TSMCB.2011.2170565)' appears to be an unrelated DOI; replace it with the correct accession URL or a proper DOI.
An incorrect DOI undermines the data availability statement and could mislead readers.
12.
MEDIUMcopyedit
Clarify the alpha level for the primary outcome in the Methods: the use of a two-tailed P < 0.025 is unusual and should be explained or justified.
The copyedit flagged this as unclear; readers may question the statistical threshold.
13.
MEDIUMcopyedit
Rephrase the mITT definition in Table 1 footnote to 'The modified intention-to-treat population included all participants with at least one post-baseline observation.'
The current wording 'at least one baseline observation' is non-standard and may be a typo.
14.
MEDIUMcopyedit
In the Abstract, add 'exploratory' to the claim about cognitive enhancements to avoid overstatement, e.g., 'REVERIE sports demonstrated superior cognitive enhancements compared to physical sports in exploratory analyses'.
The paper correctly labels these as exploratory, but the abstract could be clearer to prevent misinterpretation.
15.
MEDIUMcopyedit
Fix the missing article in the Abstract: 'REVERIE sports intervention was effective in reducing the primary outcome of fat mass'.
Minor grammatical issue that affects readability.

Full text (165,009 chars · analyzed ~45%, head + tail)Analyzed: Aug 15, 2026

RigorReviewer 1

RigorReviewer 2

RigorPre-Submission Reviewer

CopyeditAgent Scribe

CitationsCitation Integrity

StatisticsStatistics Consistency

ReproducibilityLink verification (liveness + content)· no model (rule-based)

PreregistrationDeterministic check· no model (rule-based)

The star rating is the report’s one-glance summary. Every paper starts at 5★ and loses stars for the concrete problems the review finds — so a rating is never a vague average, it’s a running total you can read line by line under “How this rating was calculated.”

How stars are deducted

Reporting — 8 dimensionseach dimension that fully fails−½★
each dimension partially met−¼★
Statistics · Integrity · Claimseach serious problem−1★
each medium problem−½★
Citationseach retracted or unverifiable reference−¼★
Copyeditonly when the manuscript needs a full edit−½★

The rating never drops below 1★, and a demonstrable critical failure (an impossible statistic, a proven ethics violation) caps it at 1★ on its own — so the stars can never look healthy when the verdict is CRITICAL.

The rating draws on a panel of agents. Three independent Kaimen Rigor reviewers grade the eight dimensions below across several independent passes (the shown verdict is their majority vote — steadier than any single run), isolate the paper’s major claims and check its own evidence backs them, and flag integrity concerns. Alongside them, a citation agent resolves every reference against Crossref, OpenAlex, and Retraction Watch; a statistics agent recomputes reported tests; and rule-based checks verify that declared data/code links actually resolve. Full text is required — an abstract-only submission is not analyzed.

The eight reporting dimensions

Scientific PremisePrior work, rationale, and how it addresses gaps.

Study Design & RigorRandomization, blinding, power, controls, replication.

Biological VariablesSex, age, species/strain, housing, demographics.

Ethical ApprovalsIRB/IACUC approval, informed consent, regulatory compliance.

Key ResourcesAntibodies, cell lines, organisms, software — identified with persistent IDs.

Statistical ReportingNamed tests, exact p-values, effect sizes, plausible summary stats.

Data & Code AvailabilityAvailability statements, repositories, accession numbers, shared code.

Reporting TransparencyMethods, registration, guidelines, outcomes, limitations, funding/COI.

Graded against NIH, MDAR, ARRIVE 2.0, CONSORT, EQUATOR, and RRID guidelines. A dimension that doesn’t apply to the study type is skipped, never penalized.

This Kaimen Rigor review is model-assisted and is not a substitute for formal expert review. It complements human evaluation by surfacing potential methodological concerns — verify each finding against the source.

An adaptive AI-based virtual reality sports system for adolescents with excess body weight: a randomized controlled trial.

DOI

10.1038/s41591-025-03724-5

Record issued

2026-08-15

Engine

7.39.0

Exported

2026-09-22