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Kaimen Rigor review

Recombinant monoclonal antibody siltartoxatug versus plasma-derived human tetanus immunoglobulin for tetanus: a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 3 trial.

Liang Z, Liu S, Guo W, Deng Z, Bin W, Yu A, Hu J, Wu L, Li Z, Huang W, Li H, Cheng D, Li S, Guo Q, Zhang D, Yan X, Wang C, Cai W, Ding B, Li W, Li X, Xu B, He L, Ouyang Y, Zhan H, Wang J, Zhao Y, Liu X, Xiang W, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Ding J, Kuang X, Zheng W, Liao H, Wang W, Wang C

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-025-03791-8
Record issued: 2026-08-15
Engine: 7.39.0
Exported: 2026-09-22

Prepared by Alpha1. This document is confidential: it is intended for the recipient it was shared with and must not be redistributed. The live record at alpha1science.com/verify/db9bb420-d6d7-479c-b663-993339a34b83 is authoritative.

Kaimen Rigor review

Kaimen Rigor reviewed

1.25 / 5

Critical — serious problems across many checks

Interventional Study

Critical

High-priority

How this rating was calculated

Started at 5★ — deductions

IntegrityIntegrity concern ×5−2.5★
ClaimsEfficacy rests on an unvalidated surrogate endpoint−0.5★
ClaimsTreatment effect not shown to be clinically meaningful−0.5★
CitationsUnresolved reference−0.25★

Model-reported confidence: highReviewer agreement: highEngine: 7.39.0Source: full text

Biggest issues

01Efficacy rests on an unvalidated surrogate endpoint
highOverreachreviewer-assessedFull detail
The primary efficacy endpoint is a surrogate: the proportion of participants with an increase in anti-tetanus neutralizing antibody titers (ΔTiter) ≥0.01 IU/ml at 12 hours post-administration. While the paper cites that 0.01 IU/ml is a widely accepted protective threshold, it does not provide validated evidence linking this surrogate to the clinical outcome of tetanus prevention in the context of this trial. The paper acknowledges that using tetanus protection rate as primary endpoint was not feasible and that large-scale postmarketing studies are needed to evaluate real-world protective effectiveness. Target engagement at the tested dose is not explicitly demonstrated with PK/PD data linking dose to the surrogate response.
“The study met its primary objective by demonstrating that siltartoxatug was superior to HTIG for prophylaxis against tetanus in patients requiring passive immunization after injuries, using a surrogate endpoint of serum anti-tetanus neutralizing antibody…”
Find in source
02Treatment effect not shown to be clinically meaningful
highOverreachreviewer-assessedFull detail
The primary effect size is the difference in proportion of participants achieving ΔTiter ≥0.01 IU/ml at 12 hours: 95.4% for siltartoxatug vs 53.2% for HTIG, a difference of 42.3%. While statistically significant, the clinical meaningfulness is not anchored to a minimal clinically important difference or to a direct clinical outcome. The surrogate threshold of 0.01 IU/ml is a nominal protective level, but the paper does not establish that the observed difference translates into a clinically meaningful reduction in tetanus incidence. The paper notes that no cases of tetanus occurred in either group, so the effect on the clinical outcome is not demonstrated.
“The proportion of participants with ΔTiter ≥ 0.01 IU ml −1 12 h postadministration were 95.4% and 53.2% in the siltartoxatug and HTIG groups, respectively. The difference between groups (42.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 35.5–49.1%; P < 0.0001) was…”
Find in source
03Other integrity concern
mediumAuthenticityreviewer-assessedFull detail
Trial NCT05842798 was first submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov on 2023-04-10, after the registered study start date of 2021-10-15. Retrospective registration means the protocol and outcomes were not on the public record before the study ran, which is what prospective registration exists to establish.
NCT05842798
reviewer’s wording
04Other integrity concern
mediumAuthenticityreviewer-assessedFull detail
Trial NCT05625477 was first submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov on 2022-11-11, after the registered study start date of 2022-04-18. Retrospective registration means the protocol and outcomes were not on the public record before the study ran, which is what prospective registration exists to establish.
NCT05625477
reviewer’s wording
05Other integrity concern
mediumAuthenticityreviewer-assessedFull detail
Trial NCT06302374 was first submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov on 2024-02-28, after the registered study start date of 2023-03-04. Retrospective registration means the protocol and outcomes were not on the public record before the study ran, which is what prospective registration exists to establish.
NCT06302374
reviewer’s wording

Findings by category

101ArithmeticNumerical inconsistencies 302OverreachOverstated conclusions 103AuthenticityData authenticity concerns 04DisclosureNone found 105AvailabilityBroken references and links 06Copyedit5 minor suggestions

This Kaimen Rigor review uses Kaimen Rigor reviewers trained on a curated corpus of high-fidelity and retracted papers, with expert supervision and curation. It can still make mistakes; verify each finding against the source before relying on it.

This is a well-conducted and well-reported phase 3 randomized controlled trial. The methodology is rigorous, with clear randomization, blinding, power analysis, and ethical approvals. Minor reporting gaps exist (e.g., exact p-values, explicit CONSORT statement, outlier handling), but none undermine the core findings.

Both reviewers classified the study as interventional, and I concur. The evaluation covered all eight dimensions; non-applicable sub-criteria (e.g., animal housing, cell line authentication) were excluded. The statistics verification covered only 2 tests, so the overall statistical correctness is not fully verified.

Numerical inconsistencies

1 finding · worst low

Values that contradict each other or are impossible for the stated sample: recomputed p-values and test statistics, GRIM/GRIMMER checks on summary numbers, percentages against their own counts, totals against their parts, and estimates against their own confidence intervals.

Internal contradictions in the reported numbersAssessed

Recomputed 2 tests: 2 consistent, 0 inconsistent; 2 via agent-written checks.

Agent-written checks— recomputed from reported CIs / ratios by code the agent wrote

CONSISTENTreported p < .001 · recomputed p = <.001Reviewers 1, 2
Primary outcome difference in proportions (95.4% vs 53.2%)
“the proportion of participants with ΔTiter ≥ 0.01 IU ml −1 12 h postadministration were 95.4% and 53.2% in the siltartoxatug and HTIG groups, respectively. The difference between groups (42.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 35.5–49.1%; P < 0.0001)”
Find in source
Taken as given: The 95.4% and 53.2% are the proportions of participants with ΔTiter ≥ 0.01 IU/ml at 12h in the siltartoxatug (N=440) and HTIG (N=221) groups, respectively.; The counts are derived from the percentages and group sizes: 0.954*440 = 419.76 ≈ 420, 0.532*221 = 117.57 ≈ 118.; The test is a two-sided Pearson chi-square test for a 2x2 table.
Method: Recomputed the two-sided Pearson chi-square p-value from the implied 2x2 table (events: 420 vs 118; non-events: 20 vs 103).
How we recomputed it: pChi2x2(420, 20, 118, 103)
CONSISTENTreported p < .001 · recomputed p = <.001Reviewer 1
Primary outcome difference in proportions (95.4% vs 53.2%) using Fisher's exact test
“the proportion of participants with ΔTiter ≥ 0.01 IU ml −1 12 h postadministration were 95.4% and 53.2% in the siltartoxatug and HTIG groups, respectively. The difference between groups (42.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 35.5–49.1%; P < 0.0001)”
Find in source
Taken as given: The 95.4% and 53.2% are the proportions of participants with ΔTiter ≥ 0.01 IU/ml at 12h in the siltartoxatug (N=440) and HTIG (N=221) groups, respectively.; The counts are derived from the percentages and group sizes: 0.954*440 = 419.76 ≈ 420, 0.532*221 = 117.57 ≈ 118.; The test is a two-sided Fisher's exact test for a 2x2 table.
Method: Recomputed the two-sided Fisher's exact p-value from the implied 2x2 table.
How we recomputed it: pFisher2x2(420, 20, 118, 103, 0)

lowinternal contradiction
The baseline antibody titer categories in Table 1 do not sum to 100% for each group (e.g., siltartoxatug: 42.7% below LOQ, 59.8% <0.01, 40.0% ≥0.01; these overlap). This is explained by the categories not being mutually exclusive, but the presentation could be clearer.
Below the limit of quantitation | 188 (42.7) | 81 (36.7) | 269 (40.7) | <0.01 IU ml −1 | 263 (59.8) | 122 (55.2) | 385 (58.2) | ≥0.01 IU ml −1 | 176 (40.0) | 98 (44.3) | 274 (41.5)
Table 1reviewer’s wording
lowinternal contradiction
The abstract reports 675 randomized, but the results section reports 661 received treatment. This is expected due to dropouts before treatment, but the discrepancy is not explicitly explained in the text.
Participants ( n = 675) were randomized (2:1) to receive a single intramuscular injection of siltartoxatug 10 mg or HTIG 250 IU. ... A total of 715 candidate participants were assessed for eligibility, of whom 675 were enrolled; 661 received either siltartoxatug ( n = 440) or HTIG ( n = 221).
Abstractreviewer’s wording

Overstated conclusions

3 findings · worst high

Conclusions that reach past what the paper's own results support — including a significance claim that no longer holds when the statistic is recomputed, and efficacy resting on an unvalidated surrogate endpoint.

Efficacy rests on an unvalidated surrogate endpointAssessed
Treatment effect not shown to be clinically meaningfulAssessed
Conclusions only partially backed by the presented evidenceAssessed

7 major claims checked against the paper's own evidence: 1 only partially supported (evidence backs part of the claim; gaps or caveats remain); the rest adequately supported.

partialReviewer 1
Siltartoxatug may have less inhibitory effect on vaccine-induced antibody response than HTIG.
The subgroup analysis shows higher antibody titers with siltartoxatug+vaccine, but the sample size is small and the analysis is exploratory, so the claim is partially supported.
Evidence: GMTs at 28 days: 2.09 vs 0.504 IU/ml in the vaccine subgroups.
“At the critical timepoint for assessing the efficacy of tetanus vaccines—28 days postadministration—the GMTs of anti-tetanus antibodies were 2.09 (95% CI, 1.35–3.25) IU ml −1 in the siltartoxatug + vaccine subgroup, compared to 0.504 (95% CI, 0.230–1.10) IU ml −1 in the HTIG + vaccine subgroup.”
ResultsFind in source
supportedReviewers 1, 2
Siltartoxatug is superior to HTIG in achieving the primary endpoint of ΔTiter ≥ 0.01 IU/ml at 12 hours.
The primary endpoint result is statistically significant with a large difference and narrow confidence interval, directly supporting the claim.
Evidence: Primary outcome: 95.4% vs 53.2%, difference 42.3% (95% CI 35.5-49.1), P<0.0001.
“The study met its primary outcome, with siltartoxatug demonstrating superiority to HTIG in the proportion of participants with an increase of anti-tetanus neutralizing antibody titers from baseline (ΔTiter) ≥ 0.01 IU ml − 1 (95.4% versus 53.2%; intergroup difference 42.3% (95% confidence interval, 35.5–49.1; P < 0.0001)).”
AbstractFind in source
supportedReviewer 1
Siltartoxatug provides higher antibody levels than HTIG at all timepoints.
The geometric mean ΔTiters are consistently higher in the siltartoxatug group with significant ratios at all timepoints, supporting the claim.
Evidence: Table 2 shows geometric mean ΔTiter ratios (siltartoxatug/HTIG) ranging from 5.38 to 7.13, all with P<0.0001.
The geometric mean ΔTiters of anti-tetanus neutralizing antibodies in the siltartoxatug group were higher than those in the HTIG group at all postadministration timepoints, with ratios (siltartoxatug/HTIG) ranging from 5.38 to 7.13 (Table ).
Resultsreviewer’s wording
supportedReviewers 1, 2
Siltartoxatug has a comparable safety profile to HTIG.
The incidence of AEs and SAEs is similar between groups, and no significant safety signals were observed, supporting the claim.
Evidence: AE incidence 38.2% vs 33.9%; SAEs 1.4% vs 0.9%; no AEs leading to discontinuation.
“The overall incidence of AEs was 38.2% (168 of 440) in the siltartoxatug group and 33.9% (75 of 221) in the HTIG group.”
ResultsFind in source
supportedReviewer 1
Siltartoxatug is an effective and safe option for passive immunization against tetanus.
The efficacy and safety data support this conclusion, though the surrogate endpoint and lack of clinical tetanus cases limit direct evidence of protection.
Evidence: Primary endpoint met, safety profile comparable, and no tetanus cases occurred.
“In conclusion, this phase 3 trial established siltartoxatug as an effective and safe option for passive tetanus immunization.”
DiscussionFind in source
supportedReviewer 2
Siltartoxatug provides higher antibody titers than HTIG at all timepoints.
The geometric mean ΔTiters are consistently higher in the siltartoxatug group with ratios ranging from 5.38 to 7.13, supporting the claim.
Evidence: Table 2 shows geometric mean ΔTiters and ratios at all timepoints.
The geometric mean ΔTiters of anti-tetanus neutralizing antibodies in the siltartoxatug group were higher than those in the HTIG group at all postadministration timepoints, with ratios (siltartoxatug/HTIG) ranging from 5.38 to 7.13.
Resultsreviewer’s wording
supportedReviewer 2
Siltartoxatug is a viable alternative to HTIG for passive immunization against tetanus.
The efficacy and safety data support this claim, though long-term effectiveness in real-world settings is not yet established.
Evidence: Superior efficacy on surrogate endpoint and comparable safety.
“The results support that siltartoxatug could serve as a viable alternative to HTIG and TAT as the standard of care for passive immunization against tetanus.”
DiscussionFind in source

Premise concern: surrogate not validated for clinical benefit; effect size not shown to be clinically meaningful.

INADEQUATESurrogate endpoint
The primary efficacy endpoint is a surrogate: the proportion of participants with an increase in anti-tetanus neutralizing antibody titers (ΔTiter) ≥0.01 IU/ml at 12 hours post-administration. While the paper cites that 0.01 IU/ml is a widely accepted protective threshold, it does not provide validated evidence linking this surrogate to the clinical outcome of tetanus prevention in the context of this trial. The paper acknowledges that using tetanus protection rate as primary endpoint was not feasible and that large-scale postmarketing studies are needed to evaluate real-world protective effectiveness. Target engagement at the tested dose is not explicitly demonstrated with PK/PD data linking dose to the surrogate response.
“The study met its primary objective by demonstrating that siltartoxatug was superior to HTIG for prophylaxis against tetanus in patients requiring passive immunization after injuries, using a surrogate endpoint of serum anti-tetanus neutralizing antibody levels.”
Find in source
INADEQUATEEffect size
The primary effect size is the difference in proportion of participants achieving ΔTiter ≥0.01 IU/ml at 12 hours: 95.4% for siltartoxatug vs 53.2% for HTIG, a difference of 42.3%. While statistically significant, the clinical meaningfulness is not anchored to a minimal clinically important difference or to a direct clinical outcome. The surrogate threshold of 0.01 IU/ml is a nominal protective level, but the paper does not establish that the observed difference translates into a clinically meaningful reduction in tetanus incidence. The paper notes that no cases of tetanus occurred in either group, so the effect on the clinical outcome is not demonstrated.
“The proportion of participants with ΔTiter ≥ 0.01 IU ml −1 12 h postadministration were 95.4% and 53.2% in the siltartoxatug and HTIG groups, respectively. The difference between groups (42.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 35.5–49.1%; P < 0.0001) was statistically significant.”
Find in source

Data authenticity concerns

1 finding · worst medium

An adversarial read for patterns associated with data that may not be genuine: results that look too clean, implausibly large effects, duplicated data or images, and methods that do not match the results reported.

Other integrity concernAssessed

5 integrity concerns flagged (0 high).

mediumother
Trial NCT05842798 was first submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov on 2023-04-10, after the registered study start date of 2021-10-15. Retrospective registration means the protocol and outcomes were not on the public record before the study ran, which is what prospective registration exists to establish.
NCT05842798
reviewer’s wording
mediumother
Trial NCT05625477 was first submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov on 2022-11-11, after the registered study start date of 2022-04-18. Retrospective registration means the protocol and outcomes were not on the public record before the study ran, which is what prospective registration exists to establish.
NCT05625477
reviewer’s wording
mediumother
Trial NCT06302374 was first submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov on 2024-02-28, after the registered study start date of 2023-03-04. Retrospective registration means the protocol and outcomes were not on the public record before the study ran, which is what prospective registration exists to establish.
NCT06302374
reviewer’s wording

Reporting gaps

None found

Required detail the manuscript never states — study design, biological variables, ethics approval and consent, key resources, statistical reporting, data and code availability, and overall transparency.

Checked — nothing surfaced.

Eight Dimensions8 pass

The introduction thoroughly reviews the global burden of tetanus, limitations of current passive immunotherapies (HTIG supply shortage, equine antitoxin safety concerns), and prior development of monoclonal antibodies against tetanus. The rationale for siltartoxatug as an alternative is well-articulated, and the study objectives follow logically from the cited evidence. Limitations of prior research (e.g., reliance on surrogate endpoints) are acknowledged and addressed in the discussion.

Sub-criteria

prior work citedADEQUATE

premise rationaleADEQUATE

limitations addressedADEQUATE

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 90% conf

The paper establishes a clear scientific premise with extensive prior work and a logical rationale for the study.

Evidence

“Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which can be produced at a large scale through a standardized industrial process, have emerged as alternatives to plasma-derived human immunoglobulin (Ig) for combating several infectious diseases.”

Introduction ¶1Find in source

“Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a safe, highly effective and more accessible alternative to plasma-derived HTIG and equine tetanus antitoxin for tetanus prevention and treatment.”

Introduction ¶5Find in source

“Thus, it is warranted to use anti-tetanus neutralizing antibodies as a surrogate endpoint to evaluate the efficacy of tetanus prophylactic drugs.”

Discussion ¶1Find in source

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

The paper establishes a clear scientific premise with extensive prior work and a logical rationale for the study.

Evidence

paraphrase[Introduction, paragraphs 1-5]

“Tetanus remains an important public health concern in many parts of the world... HTIG—prepared from the plasma of healthy donors hyperimmunized with tetanus toxoid—was introduced in the early 1960s.”

“Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a safe, highly effective and more accessible alternative to plasma-derived HTIG and equine tetanus antitoxin for tetanus prevention and treatment.”

Introduction ¶5Find in source

“Here, we present findings from a confirmatory phase 3 clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of siltartoxatug compared to those of HTIG for passive immunization against tetanus in participants with tetanus-prone wounds.”

Introduction ¶6Find in source

Randomization was stratified and generated by an independent specialist, with blinding maintained for participants, investigators, and site personnel. A priori sample size calculation with explicit assumptions and >99% power is provided. Inclusion/exclusion criteria are detailed. The analysis populations (full analysis set, per-protocol set, safety set) are defined, and missing data handling is implied through the estimand framework. Outlier handling is not explicitly described, but the pre-specified analysis population and sensitivity analyses address this.

Sub-criteria

controlsN/A

power analysisADEQUATE

blinding levelsADEQUATE

outlier handlingINADEQUATE

randomization unitADEQUATE

inclusion exclusionADEQUATE

randomization methodADEQUATE

replicate distinctionN/A

independent replicationN/A

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 95% conf

The trial design is rigorous with adequate randomization, blinding, power analysis, and pre-specified inclusion/exclusion criteria.

Evidence

“The randomization code was generated by an independent randomization specialist. Investigators registered participants and assigned them according to the randomization code obtained from an Interactive Response Technology system.”

MethodsFind in source

“Participants, investigators and study site personnel (apart from the unblinded pharmacist and/or unblinded study nurses responsible for drug preparation and administration) remained blinded to all randomization assignments throughout the study.”

MethodsFind in source

paraphrase[Methods, Statistical methods]

“The planned sample size was 675 participants, that is, 450 in the siltartoxatug group and 225 in the HTIG group. This would provide a power of >99% to evaluate the above efficacy hypothesis.”

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

The trial design is rigorous with adequate randomization, blinding, power analysis, and pre-specified inclusion/exclusion criteria.

Evidence

MethodsFind in source

paraphrase[Methods, Statistical methods]

“The planned sample size was 675 participants, that is, 450 in the siltartoxatug group and 225 in the HTIG group. This would provide a power of >99% to evaluate the above efficacy hypothesis.”

Sex is reported for all participants (58.7% male), and age is reported as median with range. Baseline health status is characterized by wound type and baseline antibody titers. Demographics are limited to age and sex; race/ethnicity is not reported, but this is not a required element for a Chinese trial. Species/strain and housing conditions are not applicable.

Sub-criteria

demographicsINADEQUATE

sex reportedADEQUATE

sex justifiedN/A

age weight healthADEQUATE

housing conditionsN/A

species strain sourceN/A

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 90% conf

Biological variables are adequately reported for a human trial, including sex, age, and baseline health characteristics.

Evidence

“Male | 255 (58.0) | 133 (60.2) | 388 (58.7)”

Table 1Find in source

“Age, years | 43.5 (19, 79) | 41 (20, 76) | 43 (19, 79)”

Table 1Find in source

“The most common injuries were incised wounds (58.1%) and puncture wounds (19.4%).”

ResultsFind in source

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

Demographic and baseline characteristics are well reported, including sex, age, and health status.

Evidence

“Male | 255 (58.0) | 133 (60.2) | 388 (58.7)”

Table 1Find in source

“Age, years | 43.5 (19, 79) | 41 (20, 76) | 43 (19, 79)”

Table 1Find in source

The study was approved by named ethics committees of lead sites and each participating site. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, including consent for data sharing. Compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice is stated.

Sub-criteria

iacuc statementN/A

informed consentADEQUATE

irb ethics statementADEQUATE

regulatory complianceADEQUATE

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 95% conf

Ethical approvals and consent are adequately documented.

Evidence

paraphrase[Methods, Trial design and treatment]

“The study protocol () was approved by the independent ethics committees of two lead study sites, Peking University People’s Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, as well as by the ethics committee of each participating study site.”

“All participants provided written informed consent before enrollment, including consent for reporting and sharing individual-level data.”

MethodsFind in source

“The study was conducted at 28 hospitals across China in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines.”

MethodsFind in source

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

Ethical approval and informed consent are adequately documented.

Evidence

paraphrase[Methods, Trial design and treatment]

“All participants provided written informed consent before enrollment, including consent for reporting and sharing individual-level data.”

MethodsFind in source

“The study was conducted at 28 hospitals across China in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines.”

MethodsFind in source

Siltartoxatug is described as a recombinant native human IgG1 mAb produced in CHO cells, with formulation details. HTIG is identified as plasma-derived human tetanus immunoglobulin. The bioanalytical methods are described with platform details (Meso Scale Discovery). Software used for data capture and analysis is identified (Medidata Rave, SAS v.9.4).

Sub-criteria

mycoplasma testingN/A

reagents identifiedADEQUATE

organisms identifiedN/A

antibodies identifiedN/A

cell line authenticationN/A

software tools identifiedADEQUATE

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 90% conf

The investigational product and key reagents are adequately identified.

Evidence

“Its active ingredient is a recombinant native human IgG1 mAb targeting tetanus toxin, produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The formulation contains excipients, including histidine, histidine hydrochloride, sodium chloride, sucrose, polysorbate 80 and water for injection.”

Introduction ¶5Find in source

paraphrase[Methods, Endpoints and assessment]

“A quantitative ligand-binding electrochemiluminescence assay using a Meso Scale Discovery (QUICKPLEX SQ120MM, model 1300) platform was utilized to quantify anti-tetanus neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in the siltartoxatug group.”

“All statistical analyses were performed with SAS v.9.4.”

Statistical analysisFind in source

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

The investigational product and key reagents are adequately identified.

Evidence

Introduction ¶6Find in source

“All statistical analyses were performed with SAS v.9.4.”

Statistical analysisFind in source

Statistical tests are named (Clopper-Pearson, Miettinen-Nurminen, mixed-effect model for repeated measures). Exact p-values are reported for primary and secondary endpoints. Effect sizes with 95% CIs are provided. Software is identified. Data presentation includes per-group n and confidence intervals. Mathematical plausibility checks were not possible for all values due to continuous outcomes and large N, but no obvious errors were found.

Sub-criteria

tests namedADEQUATE

exact p valuesADEQUATE

effect sizes ciADEQUATE

data presentationADEQUATE

software identifiedADEQUATE

assumptions verifiedADEQUATE

mathematical plausibilityN/A

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 90% conf

Statistical methods are appropriate and well-described, with exact p-values and effect sizes with confidence intervals.

Evidence

“A 95% CI for intergroup difference was calculated using the Miettinen–Nurminen method, stratified by whether concomitantly administered with the tetanus vaccine as determined at randomization.”

Statistical analysisFind in source

“42.3% (35.5–49.1) | <0.0001”

Table 2Find in source

“6.02 (5.08–7.12) | <0.0001”

Table 2Find in source

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

Statistical methods are well described, with named tests, effect sizes with CIs, and appropriate data presentation.

Evidence

“The proportion of participants with ΔTiter ≥ 0.01 IU ml −1 was calculated, and the corresponding 95% CI was constructed using the Clopper–Pearson method. A 95% CI for intergroup difference was calculated using Miettinen–Nurminen method.”

Statistical analysisFind in source

paraphrase[Results, Primary outcome]

“The difference between groups (42.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 35.5–49.1%; P < 0.0001) was statistically significant.”

“All statistical analyses were performed with SAS v.9.4.”

Statistical analysisFind in source

The data availability statement provides a concrete route: deidentified individual participant data are available under restricted access, with a review process by lead sites and sponsor, a proposal requirement, and a response timeframe. This meets the standard for managed access. Code sharing is not applicable as no custom code was used.

Sub-criteria

code sharingN/A

accession numbersN/A

repository depositN/A

data availability statementADEQUATE

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 90% conf

Data availability is adequately described with a concrete access mechanism, and code sharing is not applicable.

Evidence

“To ensure protection of participant privacy and proprietary information, deidentified individual participant data are available under restricted access. All requests for additional data sharing must be reviewed by the lead study sites (Peking University People’s Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University), as well as the sponsor (Zhuhai Trinomab Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd) to assess any potential intellectual property or confidentiality concerns.”

Data availabilityFind in source

“The use of custom code is not applicable in this paper.”

Data availabilityFind in source

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

Data availability statement is concrete, and code sharing is appropriately declared as not applicable.

Evidence

paraphrase[Data availability]

“The use of custom code is not applicable in this paper.”

Data availabilityFind in source

The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05664750). Methods are detailed enough for replication. Limitations are explicitly discussed, including the use of a surrogate endpoint and the <24h time window. Conclusions are proportional to the evidence, acknowledging the need for postmarketing studies. Funding and competing interests are disclosed.

Sub-criteria

funding coiADEQUATE

trial registrationADEQUATE

reporting guidelineINADEQUATE

methods completenessADEQUATE

all outcomes reportedADEQUATE

limitations discussedADEQUATE

conclusions proportionalADEQUATE

Per reviewer (2) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 95% conf

Reporting is transparent with trial registration, detailed methods, limitations discussion, and proportional conclusions.

Evidence

“ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT05664750”

AbstractFind in source

“This trial has some limitations. First, using the tetanus protection rate as the primary endpoint was not feasible due to the low incidence of tetanus and limited sample size in a clinical trial setting.”

Discussion ¶8Find in source

“The study was funded by Zhuhai Trinomab Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd”

AcknowledgementsFind in source

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

The paper is transparent with trial registration, reporting guideline, complete outcome reporting, limitations, and funding/COI statements.

Evidence

“ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT05664750”

AbstractFind in source

“Further information on research design is available in the linked to this article.”

AbstractFind in source

Discussion ¶8Find in source

Registered (6 IDs: ClinicalTrials.gov). Reporting guideline cited: CONSORT.

ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov

Reporting guidelines: CONSORT

Broken references and links

1 finding · worst low

References checked against Crossref, OpenAlex and Retraction Watch for retractions and resolvability, plus declared data and code links probed for whether they resolve to content matching the paper.

References not resolvable to a published paperRecomputed

Checked 34 references by DOI: 4 verified — 1 DOI unresolved, 29 no DOI (shown, not verified).

UNRESOLVED10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2020.02.017
Meta-analysis on tetanus antibody protection rate of healthy population born after 1978 in China
Cited DOI does not resolve to any Crossref record.
NO DOI
Tetanus still current
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Routine vaccination coverage—worldwide, 2022
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Protection against Tetanus and Diphtheria in Europe: the impact of age, gender and country of origin based on data from the MARK-AGE Study
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Tetanus vaccines: WHO position paper, February 2017—recommendations
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Tetanus: analysis of 1458 cases, which occurred in Home Military Hospitals during the years 1914–1918
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Dangers of tetanus antitoxin
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Double-blind trial of equine antitoxin and human immune globulin in tetanus neonatorum
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Standard and special human immune serum globulins as therapeutic agents
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Plotkin’s Vaccines
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Vaccines for Veterinarians
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Safety of equine tetanus antitoxin for prophylactic use in Ethiopia: a retrospective multi-center study
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Passive immunization against tetanus with human immune globulin
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
The prophylactic dose of homologous tetanus antitoxin
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Challenges for plasma-derived medicinal products
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Guidance on Increasing Supplies of Plasma-Derived Medicinal Products in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Through Fractionation of Domestic Plasma
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Hyperimmune globulins for the management of infectious diseases
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Characterization of neutralizing human anti-tetanus monoclonal antibodies produced by stable cell lines
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Novel neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against tetanus neurotoxin
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Exceptionally potent human monoclonal antibodies are effective for prophylaxis and treatment of tetanus in mice
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed against tetanus toxin fragment C
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity of the fully human anti-tetanus toxin monoclonal antibody A82/B86 injection combination formulation
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Guidelines on the nonclinical and clinical evaluation of monoclonal antibodies and related products intended for the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Seroepidemiology of tetanus in Hangzhou from 2009 to 2018
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Active-passive tetanus immunization. Choice of toxoid, dose of tetanus immune globulin and timing of injections
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Progress in tetanus prophylaxis: the advent of human antitoxin
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Fatal tetanus after prophylaxis with human tetanus immune globulin
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Prevention of pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria with vaccines in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
Pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).
NO DOI
General Best Practice Guidelines for Immunization: Best Practices Guidance of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
No DOI in the reference — shown for manual review; not independently verifiable (not a fabrication signal).

2 data/code links checked; 2 live.

datahttps://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05664750LIVEHTTP 200
Resolves, but the content could not be matched to the paper.
datahttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05664750LIVEHTTP 200
Resolves, but the content could not be matched to the paper.

Copyediting

5 minor

Wording, consistency and formatting errors that need correcting before submission.

No major wording or formatting errors. 5 minor suggestions below.

5 copyedit issues flagged: mostly consistency, clarity, typo.

MINORtypoTable 3, row 'Alanine aminotransferase increased'
“1 (0.2”
→ 1 (0.2)
Missing closing parenthesis.
MINORconsistencyAbstract and Results
“95.4% versus 53.2%”
→ Ensure consistent use of 'versus' vs 'vs' throughout.
Minor stylistic inconsistency.
MINORclarityMethods, Statistical methods
“The statistical analysis plan is available in .”
→ Provide a link or reference to the statistical analysis plan.
Incomplete reference.
MINORconsistencyAbstract and Results
“P < 0.0001”
→ P < 0.0001 (exact value if available)
P-values are reported as '<0.0001' which is acceptable but exact values could be provided.
MINORclarityMethods, Trial design and treatment
“The study protocol () was approved”
→ The study protocol (available in Supplementary Information) was approved
The protocol reference is missing a link or identifier.

Kaimen Rigor Action ItemsFinal pass before journal submission

The published work is robust and well-reported. An informed reader should weigh the minor reporting gaps (exact p-values, explicit CONSORT adherence, outlier handling) and the retrospective registration of some trials, but these do not invalidate the conclusions. No erratum is warranted for the core findings.

1.
HIGHreporting
In the Methods section, explicitly state adherence to CONSORT guidelines and provide the completed checklist as supplementary material.
Reviewer 1 noted the reporting guideline was not explicitly mentioned; explicit adherence improves transparency and reproducibility.
2.
HIGHstatistics
In the Results and Tables, report exact p-values for all secondary and tertiary endpoints instead of only '<0.0001'.
Exact p-values allow readers to assess the strength of evidence more precisely.
3.
HIGHreporting
In the Methods, clarify the handling of missing data for the primary endpoint, including any imputation methods used.
Missing data handling is a key aspect of trial validity and is currently only implied through the estimand framework.
4.
HIGHreporting
In the Methods, provide a link or reference to the statistical analysis plan (currently referenced as 'available in .').
The copyedit flagged an incomplete reference; a full SAP is essential for reproducibility.
5.
HIGHreporting
In the Methods, clarify the discrepancy between 675 randomized and 661 treated, explaining the dropouts before treatment.
The integrity check flagged this internal contradiction; readers may question the flow of participants.
6.
HIGHreporting
In the Methods, address the retrospective registration of trials NCT05842798, NCT05625477, and NCT06302374, explaining why registration occurred after the study start dates.
The integrity check flagged these as retrospective registrations, which is a transparency concern for readers.
7.
HIGHother
Verify or correct the reference 'Meta-analysis on tetanus antibody protection rate of healthy population born after 1978 in China' (DOI 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2020.02.017), which was not found in any registry.
A not-found reference may be fabricated or have an incorrect DOI; this is a potential integrity issue.
8.
MEDIUMreporting
In the Methods, describe the randomization sequence generation in more detail (e.g., block size, allocation concealment).
Reviewer 2 suggested this to enhance reproducibility.
9.
MEDIUMreporting
In the Methods, describe the blinding procedures for the injection site, including how the line of sight was blocked.
Reviewer 2 requested clarity on blinding implementation.
10.
MEDIUMstatistics
In the Methods, include a sensitivity analysis for the primary endpoint using a different statistical method (e.g., logistic regression).
Reviewer 2 suggested this to further validate the results.
11.
MEDIUMreporting
In the Results, report the number of participants screened but not enrolled and reasons for exclusion in the CONSORT flow diagram.
Reviewer 2 noted this is missing; it is a standard CONSORT requirement.
12.
MEDIUMreporting
In the Methods, provide validation parameters (accuracy, precision, selectivity) for the bioanalytical assay.
Reviewer 2 suggested this to strengthen the methods description.
13.
MEDIUMreporting
In the Methods, state whether the study was powered for safety endpoints.
Reviewer 2 noted the sample size calculation focused on efficacy; clarifying this is important for interpreting safety results.
14.
MEDIUMreporting
In the Results, report exact p-values for immunogenicity analyses (ADA and NAb) instead of descriptive summaries only.
Reviewer 2 suggested this for completeness.
15.
MEDIUMreporting
In the Methods, describe the covariance structure and missing data handling for the mixed-effect model.
Reviewer 2 requested more detail on the statistical analysis plan for the MMRM.
16.
MEDIUMreporting
In the Data Availability statement, specify the exact process for requesting data, including contact email and expected response time.
Reviewer 1 suggested this to improve transparency; the current statement mentions a 1-month response but lacks contact details.
17.
MEDIUMreporting
In the Methods, add a statement about the validation of the bioanalytical methods against the in vivo neutralization assay, with reference to the separate publication.
Reviewer 1 suggested this to strengthen the assay validity.
18.
MEDIUMreporting
In the Methods, clarify the outlier handling criteria, including how outliers were defined and whether any were excluded.
Reviewer 1 flagged this as inadequate; explicit criteria improve reproducibility.
19.
MEDIUMreporting
In Table 1, consider adding race/ethnicity and other relevant demographic variables to enhance generalizability assessment.
Reviewer 1 suggested this; while not required for a Chinese trial, it would improve generalizability.
20.
MEDIUMreporting
In Table 1, clarify that baseline antibody titer categories are not mutually exclusive, as they do not sum to 100%.
The integrity check flagged this; clear labeling prevents misinterpretation.
21.
LOWcopyedit
In Table 3, fix the missing closing parenthesis in the row 'Alanine aminotransferase increased' (currently '1 (0.2').
Copyedit flagged a typo that could cause confusion.
22.
LOWcopyedit
Ensure consistent use of 'versus' vs 'vs' throughout the abstract and results.
Copyedit flagged a minor stylistic inconsistency.
23.
LOWcopyedit
In the Methods, provide a link or identifier for the study protocol (currently 'The study protocol () was approved').
Copyedit flagged an incomplete reference; a link would improve transparency.

Full text (64,244 chars)Analyzed: Aug 15, 2026

RigorReviewer 1

RigorReviewer 2

RigorPre-Submission Reviewer

CopyeditAgent Scribe

CitationsCitation Integrity

StatisticsStatistics Consistency

ReproducibilityLink verification (liveness + content)· no model (rule-based)

PreregistrationDeterministic check· no model (rule-based)

The star rating is the report’s one-glance summary. Every paper starts at 5★ and loses stars for the concrete problems the review finds — so a rating is never a vague average, it’s a running total you can read line by line under “How this rating was calculated.”

How stars are deducted

Reporting — 8 dimensionseach dimension that fully fails−½★
each dimension partially met−¼★
Statistics · Integrity · Claimseach serious problem−1★
each medium problem−½★
Citationseach retracted or unverifiable reference−¼★
Copyeditonly when the manuscript needs a full edit−½★

The rating never drops below 1★, and a demonstrable critical failure (an impossible statistic, a proven ethics violation) caps it at 1★ on its own — so the stars can never look healthy when the verdict is CRITICAL.

The rating draws on a panel of agents. Three independent Kaimen Rigor reviewers grade the eight dimensions below across several independent passes (the shown verdict is their majority vote — steadier than any single run), isolate the paper’s major claims and check its own evidence backs them, and flag integrity concerns. Alongside them, a citation agent resolves every reference against Crossref, OpenAlex, and Retraction Watch; a statistics agent recomputes reported tests; and rule-based checks verify that declared data/code links actually resolve. Full text is required — an abstract-only submission is not analyzed.

The eight reporting dimensions

Scientific PremisePrior work, rationale, and how it addresses gaps.

Study Design & RigorRandomization, blinding, power, controls, replication.

Biological VariablesSex, age, species/strain, housing, demographics.

Ethical ApprovalsIRB/IACUC approval, informed consent, regulatory compliance.

Key ResourcesAntibodies, cell lines, organisms, software — identified with persistent IDs.

Statistical ReportingNamed tests, exact p-values, effect sizes, plausible summary stats.

Data & Code AvailabilityAvailability statements, repositories, accession numbers, shared code.

Reporting TransparencyMethods, registration, guidelines, outcomes, limitations, funding/COI.

Graded against NIH, MDAR, ARRIVE 2.0, CONSORT, EQUATOR, and RRID guidelines. A dimension that doesn’t apply to the study type is skipped, never penalized.

This Kaimen Rigor review is model-assisted and is not a substitute for formal expert review. It complements human evaluation by surfacing potential methodological concerns — verify each finding against the source.

Recombinant monoclonal antibody siltartoxatug versus plasma-derived human tetanus immunoglobulin for tetanus: a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 3 trial.

DOI

10.1038/s41591-025-03791-8

Record issued

2026-08-15

Engine

7.39.0

Exported

2026-09-22