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Multifaceted Strategies for Hypertension Control in Low-Income Patients.

Name: Αlpha¹ Rigor Record — Multifaceted Strategies for Hypertension Control in Low-Income Patients.
Item: Multifaceted Strategies for Hypertension Control in Low-Income Patients.
Rating: 88
Author: Αlpha¹

Mills KT, Krousel-Wood M, Peacock EM, Chen J, Allouch F, Carreras AK, Geng S, Cyprian A, Davis G, Fuqua SR, Gilliam D, Greer A, Mitchell T, Gray-Winfrey W, Williams S, Wiltz GM, Winfrey KL, He H, Whelton PK, He J

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Αlpha¹ Rigor Review — PASS: 0 critical, 8 high issues for “Multifaceted Strategies for Hypertension Control in Low-Income Patients.”

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Αlpha¹ Editorial

This rigor review was examined and confirmed by Αlpha¹ Editorial · July 6, 2026

Αlpha¹ Rigor Review

Rigor Reviewed

PASS

Passes rigor review · Interventional Study

Eight dimensions — click a segment for details

Critical

High-priority

Model-reported confidence: highReviewer agreement: moderateEngine: 7.6.0Source: full text

Problems surfaced4 types

Data and code not shared
Conclusions overstated beyond the evidence
Internal contradictions in the reported numbers
Key resources under-identified (antibodies, cell lines, RRIDs)

This Αlpha¹ Rigor Review uses AI Rigor Reviewers trained on a curated corpus of high-fidelity and retracted papers, with expert supervision and curation. It can still make mistakes; verify each finding against the source before relying on it.

The paper presents a well-designed cluster-randomized trial with a strong scientific premise, rigorous statistical analysis, and transparent reporting. The main weaknesses are the absence of a data availability statement and code repository, and minor gaps in key resources and ethics reporting.

All eight dimensions were evaluated. The reviewers largely agreed, with minor divergence on ethical approvals and data code availability, which were resolved by weighing the evidence. The statistics verification component checked 6 tests, all consistent. The citation check found no retracted or missing references.

9 major claims checked against the paper's own evidence: 2 not fully backed by the presented evidence (unsupported or overstated).

Recomputed 6 tests: 6 consistent, 0 inconsistent, 6 via agent-written checks.

3 integrity concerns flagged (0 high).

Rigor

Eight Dimensions6 pass · 1 warn · 1 fail

9 major claims2 overstated1 partial6 supported

The introduction cites key trials (SPRINT, CRHCP) and meta-analyses demonstrating that multicomponent strategies are effective, and identifies the gap in evidence for FQHC settings. Limitations of prior work (single strategies, non-randomized designs, lack of data in low-resource settings) are explicitly addressed. The hypothesis follows directly from the cited evidence.

Sub-criteria

prior work citedADEQUATE

premise rationaleADEQUATE

limitations addressedADEQUATE

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 95% conf

The premise is well-established with ample prior literature cited; the rationale linking uncontrolled hypertension in underserved populations to the chosen intervention is logical and clearly stated.

Evidence

direct quote[Introduction, paragraphs 1-4]

“Multilevel, multicomponent implementation strategies have proven more effective than a single strategy for hypertension control.”

direct quote[Introduction, paragraph 3]

“However, data on implementing multifaceted blood pressure interventions in resource-constrained primary care settings, such as Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs), which primarily serve low-income populations, are limited.”

paraphrase[Discussion, paragraph 5]

“Paraphrase: The authors note that prior hypertension control studies in FQHCs often used non-randomized designs and failed to demonstrate significant blood pressure reduction, which their trial addresses.”

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

The paper clearly establishes its scientific foundation by citing prior research, providing a logical rationale, and addressing limitations of previous work.

Evidence

direct quote[Introduction, paragraphs 1-4]

“Multilevel, multicomponent implementation strategies have proven more effective than a single strategy for hypertension control.”

direct quote[Introduction, final paragraph]

“We tested the effectiveness and implementation of a multifaceted, team-based strategy to deliver an intensive blood pressure control protocol adapted from SPRINT among low-income patients receiving care at FQHC clinics.”

paraphrase[Discussion, paragraph 4]

“Prior hypertension control studies in FQHCs often used non-randomized designs and failed to demonstrate significant blood pressure reduction; this trial uses a randomized design.”

PASSReviewer 3· 90% conf

The study clearly establishes a scientific premise by citing prior work on hypertension prevalence, disparities, and the effectiveness of multicomponent strategies, and provides a rationale for addressing limitations in resource-constrained settings.

Evidence

direct quote[Background, paragraph 1]

“Uncontrolled hypertension disproportionately affects populations experiencing health disparities.”

direct quote[Background, paragraph 2]

“Multilevel, multicomponent implementation strategies have proven more effective than a single strategy for hypertension control.”

direct quote[Background, paragraph 2]

Clinics were randomized 1:1 with a random allocation sequence generated in SAS, stratified by FQHC organization. An a priori power analysis is reported. The unit of randomization (clinic) and analysis (participants nested within clinics, modeled with random effects) are correctly specified. Blinding was not possible due to the nature of the intervention, which is transparently reported. Inclusion/exclusion criteria are prespecified and reported. An intention-to-treat analysis was used. Outlier handling is not explicitly addressed, but the primary analysis uses multiple imputation and linear mixed models, which are robust to some forms of missing data. The trial is registered (NCT03483662).

Sub-criteria

controlsINADEQUATE

power analysisADEQUATE

blinding levelsINADEQUATE

outlier handlingNOT REPORTED

randomization unitADEQUATE

inclusion exclusionADEQUATE

randomization methodADEQUATE

replicate distinctionN/A

independent replicationN/A

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 95% conf

The cluster-randomized design is sound, with adequate randomization, power analysis, and intention-to-treat analysis. Blinding was not feasible but is acknowledged and mitigated by objective BP measurement and staff external to clinics.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, Randomization]

“FQHC clinics were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either a multifaceted team-based implementation strategy or enhanced usual care based on a random allocation sequence generated using SAS software, with stratification by FQHC organization.”

direct quote[Methods, Statistical Analysis]

“The required sample size was 1,260 participants across 36 clinics (35 per clinic), calculated using the formula developed by Donner and Klar. This sample size provided 80% statistical power to detect a 5.0 mmHg difference in mean systolic blood pressure change over 18 months at a two-sided significance level of 0.05, with a follow-up rate of 85%.”

direct quote[Methods, Randomization]

“Due to the nature of the cluster design and intervention program, study participants, healthcare providers, health coaches, and research staff who collected study data were unblinded.”

PASSReviewer 2· 95% conf

The study design is rigorous with appropriate randomization, blinding description, power analysis, and inclusion/exclusion criteria, and accounts for missing data.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, Randomization paragraph]

“Due to the nature of the cluster design and intervention program, study participants, healthcare providers, health coaches, and research staff who collected study data were unblinded.”

direct quote[Methods, Statistical Analysis paragraph]

“This sample size provided 80% statistical power to detect a 5.0 mmHg difference in mean systolic blood pressure change over 18 months at a two-sided significance level of 0.05, with a follow-up rate of 85%.”

PASSReviewer 3· 90% conf

The study design is robust, employing cluster randomization, clear inclusion/exclusion criteria, and a power analysis. Blinding was not feasible but acknowledged, and appropriate controls were used.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, Randomization]

direct quote[Methods, Statistical Analysis]

direct quote[Methods, Randomization]

“Due to the nature of the cluster design and intervention program, study participants, healthcare providers, health coaches, and research staff who collected study data were unblinded.”

Baseline demographics include age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, insurance status, hypertension duration, medication use, and comorbidities (diabetes, CKD). Age is reported as mean ± SD. Health status (e.g., SF-12 scores) is reported. Species/strain/housing criteria are not applicable for this human trial. Sex_justified is not applicable as both sexes are enrolled.

Sub-criteria

demographicsADEQUATE

sex reportedADEQUATE

sex justifiedN/A

age weight healthADEQUATE

housing conditionsN/A

species strain sourceN/A

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 95% conf

Key biological/demographic variables (age, sex, race/ethnicity, health status) are comprehensively reported at baseline. Sex is reported but not justified for single-sex use (both sexes included, so justification not required).

Evidence

direct quote[Table 1]

“Age — yr: 59.1 ± 8.9 (intervention) vs 58.5 ± 9.0 (control); Women — no. (%): 377 (58.7) vs 344 (54.6); Non-Hispanic Black — no. (%): 430 (67.1) vs 376 (59.7)”

direct quote[Table 1]

“History of diabetes — no. (%): 255 (39.7) vs 248 (39.4); History of chronic kidney disease — no. (%): 22 (3.4) vs 17 (2.7)”

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

Biological variables such as age, sex, health history, and demographics are comprehensively reported.

Evidence

direct quote[Abstract and Table 1]

“56.7% were women”

direct quote[Table 1]

“Age — yr 59.1 ± 8.9 58.5 ± 9.0”

direct quote[Table 1]

“Race/ethnicity — no. (%) … Annual family income <$25,000 — no. (%)”

PASSReviewer 3· 90% conf

The study adequately reports key demographic and health characteristics of the human participants, including age, sex, race/ethnicity, and health status.

Evidence

direct quote[Results, paragraph 1]

“The mean age of patients was 58.8 years, 56.7% were women, 63.4% African American, 75.9% unemployed, and 73.4% had a family income <$25,000 per year.”

direct quote[Methods, Trial Participants]

“Patients at least 40 years of age who received primary care at participating FQHCs and had untreated systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or a treated systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg were eligible.”

direct quote[Table 1]

“History of diabetes — no. (%) | 255 (39.7) | 248 (39.4) | | History of chronic kidney disease — no. (%) | 22 (3.4) | 17 (2.7)”

The study protocol was approved by Tulane University Institutional Review Board. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03483662). Regulatory compliance (Declaration of Helsinki, etc.) is implied but not explicitly stated, though the ethics approval and consent statements are sufficient.

Sub-criteria

iacuc statementN/A

informed consentADEQUATE

irb ethics statementADEQUATE

regulatory complianceINADEQUATE

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 95% conf

Ethical approval and informed consent are explicitly reported. The study is registered.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, Trial Design and Oversight]

“The study protocol ... was designed by the steering committee and approved by the Tulane University Institutional Review Board.”

direct quote[Methods, Trial Participants]

“Informed consent was obtained from all participants during screening visits.”

direct quote[Abstract]

“IMPACTS-BP; ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03483662”

WARNReviewer 2· 85% conf

IRB approval and informed consent are adequately reported, but an explicit statement of adherence to a recognized regulatory framework (e.g., Declaration of Helsinki) is missing.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, Trial Design and Oversight]

“The study protocol … was approved by the Tulane University Institutional Review Board.”

direct quote[Methods, Trial Participants]

“Informed consent was obtained from all participants during screening visits.”

absence[Methods]

Regulatory compliance statement is absent.

PASSReviewer 3· 90% conf

The study reports explicit ethical approval from an IRB and states that informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, Trial Design and Oversight]

“The study protocol (available online with the full text of this article) was designed by the steering committee and approved by the Tulane University Institutional Review Board.”

direct quote[Methods, Trial Participants]

“Informed consent was obtained from all participants during screening visits.”

direct quote[Methods, Trial Design and Oversight]

“An independent data safety monitoring board (DSMB) monitored trial progress and patient safety”

The blood pressure monitoring device is identified (HEM-907 XL, Omron Healthcare). Software versions (SAS V9.4, R V4.4.2) are reported. However, specific antihypertensive medications are not listed (only classes are recommended), and the home blood pressure monitor brand is not specified. The health coaching and training materials are described but not provided as supplements or with RRIDs.

Sub-criteria

mycoplasma testingN/A

reagents identifiedINADEQUATE

organisms identifiedN/A

antibodies identifiedN/A

cell line authenticationN/A

software tools identifiedADEQUATE

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

WARNReviewer 1· 90% conf

The investigational product (blood pressure treatment protocol) is described, but key resources such as specific medications, device details, and software versions are partially reported.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, Assessments]

“Three blood pressure measurements were taken at each visit using a standardized protocol with an automated device (HEM-907 XL, Omron Healthcare) and appropriately sized cuffs.”

direct quote[Methods, Statistical Analysis]

“Statistical analyses were performed using SAS V9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and R V4.4.2 (R Foundation) for calculating intraclass correlation coefficients.”

direct quote[Methods, Intervention]

“Antihypertensive drug classes proven to reduce cardiovascular disease risk were recommended as first-line medications, either alone or in combination.”

WARNReviewer 2· 80% conf

Statistical software is adequately identified, but the specific antihypertensive medications used or their manufacturers are not named, and the home blood pressure monitor model for intervention is not specified.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, Intervention and Implementation Strategy]

“Antihypertensive drug classes proven to reduce cardiovascular disease risk were recommended as first-line medications, either alone or in combination.”

direct quote[Methods, Statistical Analysis]

“Statistical analyses were performed using SAS V9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and R V4.4.2 (R Foundation)”

WARNReviewer 3· 70% conf

While some key resources like statistical software and the blood pressure monitor are identified, details for other reagents and specific protocols are not fully provided within the main text.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, Statistical Analysis]

“Statistical analyses were performed using SAS V9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and R V4.4.2 (R Foundation) for calculating intraclass correlation coefficients.”

direct quote[Methods, Assessments]

“Three blood pressure measurements were taken at each visit using a standardized protocol with an automated device (HEM-907 XL, Omron Healthcare) and appropriately sized cuffs.”

direct quote[Methods, Intervention and Implementation Strategy]

“Antihypertensive drug classes proven to reduce cardiovascular disease risk were recommended as first-line medications, either alone or in combination.”

The primary analysis uses linear mixed-effects regression with multiple imputation. Secondary binary outcomes use generalized linear mixed models. Exact p-values are provided (e.g., P<0.001). Confidence intervals are reported throughout. Assumptions of mixed models (random intercepts, covariance structure) are specified and a convergence fallback is stated. Data presentation includes figures with error bars and tables with 95% CIs. Mathematical plausibility is not explicitly assessed, but the reported numbers appear internally consistent and a tipping point analysis supports robustness.

Sub-criteria

tests namedADEQUATE

exact p valuesADEQUATE

effect sizes ciADEQUATE

data presentationADEQUATE

software identifiedADEQUATE

assumptions verifiedADEQUATE

mathematical plausibilityN/A

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 95% conf

Statistical methods are rigorous and well-described. Tests are named, assumptions are addressed (mixed-effects models), exact p-values and CIs are reported, and effect sizes are given. Software is identified. Data presentation includes figures with error bars and per-group Ns.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, Statistical Analysis]

“We tested the difference in mean systolic blood pressure from baseline to 18 months between the intervention and control groups using measurements taken at 0, 6, 12, and 18 months in a linear mixed-effects regression analysis.”

direct quote[Results, Effectiveness Outcomes]

“net difference of −6.4 mmHg (95% CI, −9.0 to −3.8; P<0.001)”

direct quote[Methods, Statistical Analysis]

“Statistical analyses were performed using SAS V9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and R V4.4.2 (R Foundation) for calculating intraclass correlation coefficients.”

PASSReviewer 2· 90% conf

Statistical methods are appropriate and adequately described; exact p-values and confidence intervals are reported, and software is identified.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, Statistical Analysis]

direct quote[Results, Table 2]

“−6.4 (−9.0, −3.8) <0.001”

direct quote[Methods, Statistical Analysis]

“Multiple imputation for missing outcomes, assuming data were missing at random, was used in the primary analyses.”

PASSReviewer 3· 90% conf

The statistical analysis is well-described, naming tests, software, and reporting exact p-values and confidence intervals. Data presentation is appropriate for a clinical trial, and mathematical plausibility checks reveal no obvious errors.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, Statistical Analysis]

“The significance level was set at 0.025 for two-sided tests for the co-primary outcomes.”

direct quote[Methods, Statistical Analysis]

“Statistical analyses were performed using SAS V9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and R V4.4.2 (R Foundation) for calculating intraclass correlation coefficients.”

The paper does not include a statement about data accessibility, nor does it mention deposit of de-identified data or code in any repository. The protocol is available online, but data and custom analysis code are not shared or even referenced.

Sub-criteria

code sharingNOT REPORTED

accession numbersN/A

repository depositNOT REPORTED

data availability statementNOT REPORTED

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

WARNReviewer 1· 90% conf

The trial is registered and a data availability statement is implied (protocol online), but no raw data or code are deposited in a public repository. The data availability statement is vague.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, Trial Design and Oversight]

“The study protocol (available online with the full text of this article) was designed by the steering committee and approved by the Tulane University Institutional Review Board.”

absence[Entire text]

No data or code repository is mentioned.

FAILReviewer 2· 95% conf

No data availability statement is provided, and no code or data repositories are mentioned, which is a significant omission for a clinical trial.

Evidence

absence[Entire text]

No data availability statement is present.

absence[Entire text]

No code repository is mentioned.

PASSReviewer 3· 90% conf

The study includes a data availability statement and provides a ClinicalTrials.gov registration number, indicating transparency regarding study registration and data access.

Evidence

direct quote[Abstract, Conclusions]

“(Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and others; IMPACTS-BP; ClinicalTrials.gov (http://ClinicalTrials.gov) number NCT03483662 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03483662) )”

direct quote[Methods, Trial Design and Oversight]

“The study protocol (available online with the full text of this article) was designed by the steering committee and approved by the Tulane University Institutional Review Board.”

The methods section comprehensively describes the intervention, outcomes, and statistical analysis. Limitations are discussed (cluster design, unblinding, enrollment period). Conclusions are appropriately tempered (e.g., 'significantly reduced systolic blood pressure among low-income patients'). Funding sources and grant numbers are provided. The trial is registered. No reporting checklist (CONSORT) is explicitly referenced, but a trial profile (CONSORT-like) is provided as Figure 1.

Sub-criteria

funding coiADEQUATE

trial registrationADEQUATE

reporting guidelineINADEQUATE

methods completenessADEQUATE

all outcomes reportedADEQUATE

limitations discussedADEQUATE

conclusions proportionalADEQUATE

Per reviewer (3) — the votes behind the verdict

PASSReviewer 1· 95% conf

Reporting is transparent: methods are detailed, limitations are discussed, conclusions are proportional to the evidence, and funding and COI are disclosed. The trial is registered.

Evidence

direct quote[Abstract]

“IMPACTS-BP; ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03483662”

direct quote[Discussion, paragraph 6]

“This study has several limitations related to its cluster design.”

direct quote[Acknowledgements/Funding]

“Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01HL133790.”

PASSReviewer 2· 85% conf

The trial is registered, methods are complete, all outcomes are reported, limitations are discussed, and conclusions are proportional. However, a reporting guideline (e.g., CONSORT) is not referenced and a formal conflicts-of-interest statement is absent.

Evidence

direct quote[Abstract and Methods]

“ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03483662”

direct quote[Discussion, final paragraph]

“This study has several limitations related to its cluster design. The extended enrollment period prevented recruitment of all participants before randomization.”

direct quote[Acknowledgments]

“Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01HL133790.”

PASSReviewer 3· 90% conf

The study provides comprehensive methods, discusses limitations, and reports funding and COI. It is registered as a clinical trial, and conclusions are proportional to the evidence.

Evidence

direct quote[Methods, Trial Design and Oversight]

“The Implementation of Multifaceted Patient-Centered Treatment Strategies for Intensive Blood Pressure Control (IMPACTS-BP) study was a cluster-randomized trial conducted in 36 FQHC clinics in Louisiana and Mississippi.”

direct quote[Discussion, paragraph 6]

“This study has several limitations related to its cluster design. The extended enrollment period prevented recruitment of all participants before randomization. Masking of patients and study staff was not feasible due to the nature of the intervention, but data collection was conducted by staff external to the FQHCs to reduce observer bias.”

direct quote[Funding]

“Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01HL133790. This work was also partially supported by the National Institute on Aging (R33AG068481), the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM109036), the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (UH3HL151309), and the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01MD018193), all within the National Institutes of Health.”

8 copyedit issues flagged: mostly consistency, clarity, punctuation.

Checked 30 references: 27 verified — 3 not checked.

Reproducibility

4 data/code links checked; 3 live.

Registered (1 ID: ClinicalTrials.gov). No reporting guideline cited.

Αlpha¹ Rigor Action ItemsFinal pass before journal submission

The paper is ready for submission after addressing the pre-submission actions, particularly the critical and high-priority items. The most consequential gaps are the missing data availability statement and code repository, and the internal contradiction in the reported confidence intervals.

1.
HIGHdata code
Add a data availability statement specifying a managed-access platform (e.g., Vivli, YODA) or a data access committee for individual patient data, with conditions and timeline.
This is a required element for clinical trial reporting and its absence is a significant omission that could lead to rejection.
2.
HIGHdata code
Deposit analysis code in a public repository (e.g., GitHub, Zenodo) with a persistent identifier and reference it in the manuscript.
Code sharing is essential for reproducibility and is increasingly expected by journals.
3.
HIGHcopyedit
Correct the 95% confidence intervals for the primary and secondary outcomes in the Results text to include the negative signs (e.g., change '9.0 to 3.8' to '-9.0 to -3.8' and '5.1 to 1.8' to '-5.1 to -1.8').
This is a clear internal contradiction that could cause confusion and is a critical copyedit issue.
4.
HIGHethics
Add an explicit statement of adherence to a recognized regulatory framework (e.g., Declaration of Helsinki) in the Methods or Ethics section.
This is a standard expectation for clinical trials and its absence is a minor but notable reporting gap.
5.
HIGHreporting
Temper the claim that the trial is 'the first to show' effectiveness in FQHCs, as the paper itself cites prior studies in this setting.
Over-claiming novelty is a common reviewer objection and the evidence does not fully support this strong statement.
6.
HIGHreporting
Temper the claim that the strategy is 'scalable to other primary care settings', as scalability was not directly tested.
This claim goes beyond the data and could be seen as over-interpretation.
7.
HIGHreporting
Reference the CONSORT statement for cluster-randomized trials in the Methods and include a completed checklist.
This is a standard reporting guideline and its inclusion strengthens transparency.
8.
HIGHreporting
Include a separate Conflicts of Interest section, even if none exist.
This is a standard requirement for most journals and its absence is a minor gap.
9.
MEDIUMrigor
Provide a list of specific antihypertensive medications used (or at least the most common ones) in a supplementary table.
This improves reproducibility and is a standard expectation for intervention studies.
10.
MEDIUMrigor
Specify the brand/model of the home blood pressure monitors given to patients.
This improves reproducibility and is a standard expectation for intervention studies.
11.
MEDIUMrigor
Include a brief statement on how outliers were handled in the statistical analysis, even if using robust methods.
This addresses a minor gap in the study design reporting.
12.
LOWcopyedit
Fix the typo 'credited' to 'accredited' in the Methods section.
Minor copyedit issue.
13.
LOWcopyedit
Ensure consistent spacing around '<' for p-values (e.g., 'P<0.001' to 'P < 0.001').
Minor consistency issue.
14.
LOWcopyedit
Complete the incomplete sentence in the Methods section: '( in the ).' should be '(details in the Supplementary Appendix).'
Minor clarity issue.

Full text (44,910 chars)Analyzed: Jul 6, 2026

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Multifaceted Strategies for Hypertension Control in Low-Income Patients.

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DOI

10.1056/NEJMoa2504068

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